Optical collimators for under-screen optical sensor module for on-screen fingerprint sensing

ABSTRACT

Devices and optical sensor modules are provided for provide on-screen optical sensing of fingerprints by using a under-screen optical sensor module that captures and detects returned light that is emitted by the display screen for displaying images and that is reflected back by the top surface of the screen assembly. Optical collimators are provided in the under-screen optical sensor module to enhance the optical imaging performance.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent document claims the benefits and priorities of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/347,073, filed on Jun. 7, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/363,832, filed on Jul. 18, 2016; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/363,823, filed on Jul. 18, 2016.

In addition, this patent document claims the benefits and priority of, and is a continuation-in-part application of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/421,249, filed on Jan. 31, 2017, which claims the benefits and priorities of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/289,328, filed on Jan. 31, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/330,833, filed on May 2, 2016; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/347,073, filed on Jun. 7, 2016.

Furthermore, this patent document claims the benefits and priority of, and is a continuation-in-part application of, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/038445, filed on Jun. 20, 2016, which claims the benefits and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/181,718, filed on Jun. 18, 2015.

The entire contents of the before-mentioned patent applications are incorporated by reference as part of the disclosure of this document.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This patent document relates to sensing of fingerprints and performing one or more sensing operations of other parameter measurements of in electronic devices or systems, including portable devices such as a mobile device or a wearable device and larger systems.

BACKGROUND

Various sensors can be implemented in electronic devices or systems to provide certain desired functions. There is an increasing need for securing access to computers and computer-controlled devices or systems where only authorized users be identified and be distinguished from non-authorized users.

For example, mobile phones, digital cameras, tablet PCs, notebook computers and other portable electronic devices have become more and more popular in personal, commercial and governmental uses. Portable electronic devices for personal use may be equipped with one or more security mechanisms to protect the user's privacy.

For another example, a computer or a computer-controlled device or system for an organization or enterprise may be secured to allow only authorized personnel to access to protect the information or the use of the device or system for the organization or enterprise.

The information stored in portable devices and computer-controlled databases, devices or systems, may be of certain characteristics that should be secured. For example, the stored information may be personal in nature, such as personal contacts or phonebook, personal photos, personal health information or other personal information, or confidential information for proprietary use by an organization or enterprise, such as business financial information, employee data, trade secrets and other proprietary information. If the security of the access to the electronic device or system is compromised, the data may be accessed by others that are not authorized to gain the access, causing loss of privacy of individuals or loss of valuable confidential information. Beyond security of information, securing access to computers and computer-controlled devices or systems also allow safeguard of the use of devices or systems that are controlled by computers or computer processors such as computer-controlled automobiles and other systems such as ATMs,.

Security access to a device such as a mobile device or a system such as an electronic database and a computer-controlled system can be achieved in different ways such as using user passwords. A password, however, may be easily to be spread or obtained and this nature of passwords can reduce the level of the security. Moreover, a user needs to remember a password to use password-protected electronic devices or systems, and, if the user forgets the password, the user needs to undertake certain password recovery procedures to get authenticated or otherwise regain the access to the device. Unfortunately, in various circumstances, such password recovery processes may be burdensome to users and have various practical limitations and inconveniences.

The personal fingerprint identification can be utilized to achieve the user authentication for enhancing the data security while mitigating certain undesired effects associated with passwords.

Electronic devices or systems, including portable or mobile computing devices, may employ user authentication mechanisms to protect personal or other confidential data and prevent unauthorized access. User authentication on an electronic device or system may be carried out through one or multiple forms of biometric identifiers, which can be used alone or in addition to conventional password authentication methods. One form of biometric identifiers is a person's fingerprint pattern. A fingerprint sensor can be built into an electronic device or system to read a user's fingerprint pattern as part of the authentication process so that the device or system can only be unlocked by an authorized user through authentication of the authorized user's fingerprint pattern.

SUMMARY

The sensor technology and examples of implementations of the sensor technology described in this patent document provide an optical sensor module that uses light from a display screen to perform one or more sensing operations based on optical sensing of such light. A suitable display screen for implementing the disclosed optical sensor technology can be based on various display technologies or configurations, including, a display screen having light emitting display pixels without using backlight where each individual pixel generates light for forming part of a display image on the screen such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display screens or electroluminescent display screens. The disclosed optical sensor technology may also be adapted for use with other display screens, such as LCD display screens. In applications, the disclosed technology can be implemented to provide on-screen optical sensing of fingerprints by using a under-screen optical sensor module that captures and detects returned light that is emitted by the display screen for displaying images and that is reflected back by the top surface of the screen assembly.

In one aspect, an electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing is provided to include a display panel that includes light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the display panel as an interface for being touched by a user and for transmitting the light from the display panel to display images; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint. The optical sensor module includes an optical sensor array of optical detectors and an array of optical collimators located between the display panel and the optical sensor array to collect the returned light from the display panel and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light to the optical sensor array. The array of optical collimators is spaced from the optical sensor array to effectuate a pinhole camera effect that enhances an optical imaging resolution of the optical sensor array.

In another aspect, an electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing is provided to include a display panel that includes light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the display panel as an interface for being touched by a user and for transmitting the light from the display panel to display images; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint. The optical sensor module includes an optical sensor array of optical detectors, an array of optical collimators located between the display panel and the optical sensor array to collect the returned light from the display panel and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light to the optical sensor array, and an optical layer between the optical collimators and the display panel to select angled probe light returned from the display panel to enter the optical collimators while reducing an amount of the returned probe light that is perpendicular to the display panel and enters the optical collimators.

In another aspect, the disclosed technology can be implemented to provide an electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing to include a device screen that provides touch sensing operations and includes a display panel structure having light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the device screen as an interface for being touched by a user for the touch sensing operations and for transmitting the light from the display structure to display images to a user; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel structure to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels of the display structure and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint.

In another aspect, a method is provided for adding fingerprint sensing to a display screen to include, without changing a design of a device screen that provides touch sensing operations and includes a display panel structure having light emitting display pixels to emit light for forming a display image, placing an optical sensor module below the display panel structure to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels of the display structure and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint.

In another aspect, an electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing is provided to include a device screen that provides touch sensing operations and includes a display panel structure having light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the device screen as an interface for being touched by a user for the touch sensing operations and for transmitting the light from the display structure to display images to a user; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel structure to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels of the display structure and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint. The optical sensor module includes an optical wedge located below the display panel structure to modify a total reflection condition on a bottom surface of the display panel structure that interfaces with the optical wedge to permit extraction of light out of the display panel structure through the bottom surface; an optical sensor array that receives the light from the optical wedge extracted from the display panel structure; and an optical imaging module located between the optical wedge and the optical sensor array to image the light from the optical wedge onto the optical sensor array.

In another aspect, an electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing is provided to include a device screen that provides touch sensing operations and includes a display panel structure having light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the device screen as an interface for being touched by a user for the touch sensing operations and for transmitting the light from the display structure to display images to a user; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel structure to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels of the display structure and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint. The display panel structure includes openings or holes between the light emitting display pixels of the display panel structure to allow the returned light to pass through the display panel structure to reach the optical sensor module. The optical sensor module includes an array of optical collimators to collect the returned light from the display panel structure and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light to the optical sensor array.

In yet another aspect, an electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing is provided to include a device screen that provides touch sensing operations and includes a display panel structure having light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the device screen as an interface for being touched by a user for the touch sensing operations and for transmitting the light from the display structure to display images to a user; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel structure to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels of the display structure and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint. The optical sensor module includes an optical sensor array that includes an array of optical detectors to receive the returned light, and an array of optical pinholes to collect the returned light from the display panel structure and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer. Each pinhole is structured to direct collected returned light to a patch of adjacent optical detectors the optical sensor array and different pinholes collect returned light from different locations in the top transparent layer for imaging at different patches of optical detectors of the optical sensor array.

Those and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the description and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a system with a fingerprint sensing module which can be implemented to include an optical fingerprint sensor disclosed in this document.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate one exemplary implementation of an electronic device 200 having a touch sensing display screen assembly and an optical sensor module positioned underneath the touch sensing display screen assembly.

FIGS. 2C and 2D illustrate an example of a device that implements the optical sensor module in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIG. 3 illustrates one example of an OLED display and touch sensing assembly suitable for implementing the disclosed optical fingerprint sensing technology.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show an example of one implementation of an optical sensor module under the display screen assembly for implementing the design in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate signal generation for the returned light from the sensing zone on the top sensing surface under two different optical conditions to facilitate the understanding of the operation of the under-screen optical sensor module.

FIGS. 6A-6C, 7, 8A-8B, 9, and 10A-10B show example designs of under-screen optical sensor modules.

FIG. 11 shows imaging of the fingerprint sensing area on the top transparent layer via an imaging module under different tiling conditions where an imaging device images the fingerprint sensing area onto an optical sensor array and the imaging device may be optically transmissive or optically reflective.

FIG. 12 shows an example of an operation of the fingerprint sensor for reducing or eliminating undesired contributions from the background light in fingerprint sensing.

FIG. 13 shows a process for operating an under-screen optical sensor module for capturing a fingerprint pattern.

FIGS. 14A, 14B and FIG. 15 show an example of an operation process for determining whether an object in contact with the OLED display screen is part of a finger of a live person by operating the OLED pixels to illuminate the finger in two different light colors.

FIG. 16 shows an example of a standard calibration pattern produced by the OLED display for calibrating the imaging sensing signals output by the optical sensor array for fingerprint sensing.

FIGS. 17A-17B, 18 and 19A-19C show optical collimator designs for optical fingerprint sensing suitable for implementing the disclosed under-screen optical sensor module technology.

FIGS. 20, 21A, 21B, 22A, and 22B illustrate examples of various designs for fingerprint sensing using a under-screen optical sensor module using an array of optical collimators or pinholes for directing signal light carrying fingerprint information to the optical sensor array.

FIGS. 23 and 24 show examples of under-screen optical sensor modules with optical collimators.

FIG. 25 shows an example an optical collimator array with optical filtering to reduce background light that reaches the photodetector array in the under-screen optical sensor module.

FIGS. 26A, 26B, 27 and 28 show examples of optical collimator designs for the optical sensing under the OLED display screen.

FIGS. 29, 30 and 31 illustrate improved optical imaging resolution based on a pinhole camera effect in designing the optical sensor module.

FIG. 32 includes FIGS. 32A and 32B and shows an example of an optical fingerprint senor under an OLED display panel having an optical deflection or diffraction device or layer.

FIG. 33 shows two different fingerprint patterns of the same finger under different press forces: the lightly pressed fingerprint 2301 and the heavily pressed fingerprint 3303.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Electronic devices or systems may be equipped with fingerprint authentication mechanisms to improve the security for accessing the devices. Such electronic devices or system may include, portable or mobile computing devices, e.g., smartphones, tablet computers, wrist-worn devices and other wearable or portable devices, larger electronic devices or systems, e.g., personal computers in portable forms or desktop forms, ATMs, various terminals to various electronic systems, databases, or information systems for commercial or governmental uses, motorized transportation systems including automobiles, boats, trains, aircraft and others.

Fingerprint sensing is useful in mobile applications and other applications that use or require secure access. For example, fingerprint sensing can be used to provide secure access to a mobile device and secure financial transactions including online purchases. It is desirable to include robust and reliable fingerprint sensing suitable for mobile devices and other applications. In mobile, portable or wearable devices, it is desirable for fingerprint sensors to minimize or eliminate the footprint for fingerprint sensing given the limited space on those devices, especially considering the demands for a maximum display area on a given device.

The light produced by a display screen for displaying images can pass through the top surface of the display screen in order to be viewed by a user. A finger can touch the top surface and thus interacts with the light at the top surface to cause the reflected or scattered light at the surface area of the touch to carry spatial image information of the finger to return to the display panel underneath the top surface. In touch sensing display devices, the top surface is the touch sensing interface with the user and this interaction between the light for displaying images and the user finger or hand constantly occurs but such information-carrying light returning back to the display panel is largely wasted and is not used in most touch sensing devices. In various mobile or portable devices with touch sensing displays and fingerprint sensing functions, a fingerprint sensor tends to be a separate device from the display screen, either placed on the same surface of the display screen at a location outside the display screen area such as in the popular Apple iPhones and recent Samsung Galaxy smartphones, or placed on the backside of a smartphone, such as some new models of smart phones by Huawei, Lenovo, Xiaomi or Google, to avoid taking up valuable space for placing a large display screen on the front side. Those fingerprint sensors are separate devices from the display screens and thus need to be compact to save space for display and other functions while still providing reliable and fast fingerprint sensing with a spatial image resolution above a certain acceptable level. However, the need to be compact and small and the need to provide a high spatial image resolution in capturing a fingerprint pattern are in direct conflict with each other in many fingerprint sensors because a high spatial image resolution in capturing a fingerprint pattern in based on various suitable fingerprint sensing technologies (e.g., capacitive touch sensing or optical imaging) requires a large sensor area with a large number of sensing pixels.

The optical sensor technology disclosed herein uses the light for displaying images in a display screen that is returned from the top surface of the device display assembly for fingerprint sensing and other sensing operations. The returned light carries information of an object in touch with the top surface (e.g., a finger) and the capturing and detecting this returned light constitute part of the design considerations in implementing a particular optical sensor module located underneath the display screen. Because the top surface of the touch screen assembly is used as a fingerprint sensing area, the optical image of this touched area should be captured by an optical imaging sensor array inside the optical sensor module with a high image fidelity to the original fingerprint for robust fingerprint sensing. The optical sensor module can be designed to achieve this desired optical imaging by properly configuring optical elements for capturing and detecting the returned light.

The disclosed technology can be implemented to provide devices, systems, and techniques that perform optical sensing of human fingerprints and authentication for authenticating an access attempt to a locked computer-controlled device such as a mobile device or a computer-controlled system, that is equipped with a fingerprint detection module. The disclosed technology can be used for securing access to various electronic devices and systems, including portable or mobile computing devices such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, and gaming devices, and other electronic devices or systems such as electronic databases, automobiles, bank ATMs, etc.

The optical sensor technology disclosed here can be implemented to detect a portion of the light that is used for displaying images in a display screen where such a portion of the light for the display screen may be the scattered light, reflected light or some stray light. For example, in some implementations of the disclosed optical sensor technology for an OLED display screen or another display screen having light emitting display pixels without using backlight, the image light produced by the OLED display screen, at or near the OLED display screen's top surface, may be reflected or scattered back into the OLED display screen as returned light when encountering an object such as a user finger or palm, or a user pointer device like a stylus. Such returned light can be captured for performing one or more optical sensing operations using the disclosed optical sensor technology. Due to the use of the light from OLED display screen's own OLED pixels for optical sensing, an optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology can be, in some implementations, specially designed to be integrated to the OLED display screen in a way that maintains the display operations and functions of the OLED display screen without interference while providing optical sensing operations and functions to enhance overall functionality, device integration and user experience of the electronic device such as a smart phone or other mobile/wearable device or other forms of electronic devices or systems.

For example, an optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology can be coupled to a display screen having light emitting display pixels without using backlight (e.g., an OLED display screen) to sense a fingerprint of a person by using the above described returned light from the light produced by OLED display screen. In operation, a person's finger, either in direct touch with the OLED display screen or in a near proximity of the OLED display screen, can produce the returned light back into the OLED display screen while carrying information of a portion of the finger illuminated by the light output by the OLED display screen. Such information may include, e.g., the spatial pattern and locations of the ridges and valleys of the illuminated portion of the finger. Accordingly, the optical sensor module can be integrated to capture at least a portion of such returned light to detect the spatial pattern and locations of the ridges and valleys of the illuminated portion of the finger by optical imaging and optical detection operations. The detected spatial pattern and locations of the ridges and valleys of the illuminated portion of the finger can then be processed to construct a fingerprint pattern and to perform fingerprint identification, e.g., comparing with a stored authorized user fingerprint pattern to determine whether the detected fingerprint is a match as part of a user authentication and device access process. This optical sensing based fingerprint detection by using the disclosed optical sensor technology uses the OLED display screens as an optical sensing platform and can be used to replace existing capacitive fingerprint sensors or other fingerprint sensors that are basically self-contained sensors as “add-on” components without using light from display screens or using the display screens for fingerprint sensing for mobile phones, tablets and other electronic devices.

The disclosed optical sensor technology can be implemented in ways that use a display screen having light emitting display pixels (e.g., an OLED display screen) as an optical sensing platform by using the light emitted from the display pixels of the OLED display screens for performing fingerprint sensing or other optical sensing functions after such emitted light interacts with an area on the top touch surface touched by a finger. This intimate relationship between the disclosed optical sensor technology and the OLED display screen provides an unique opportunity for using an optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology to provide both (1) additional optical sensing functions and (2) useful operations or control features in connection with the touch sensing aspect of the OLED display screen.

Notably, in some implementations, an optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology can be coupled to the backside of the OLED display screen without requiring a designated area on the display surface side of the OLED display screen that would occupy a valuable device surface real estate in some electronic devices such as a smartphone, a tablet or a wearable device where the exterior surface area is limited. Such an optical sensor module can be placed under the OLED display screen that vertically overlaps with the display screen area, and, from the user's perspective, the optical sensor module is hidden behind the display screen area. In addition, because the optical sensing of such an optical sensor module is by detecting the light that is emitted by the OLED display screen and is returned from the top surface of the display area, the disclosed optical sensor module does not require a special sensing port or sensing area that is separate from the display screen area. Accordingly, different from fingerprint sensors in other designs, including, e.g., Apple's iPhone/iPad devices or Samsung

Galaxy smartphone models where the fingerprint sensor is located at a particular fingerprint sensor area or port (e.g., the home button) on the same surface of the display screen but located in a designated non-displaying zone that is outside the display screen area, the optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology can be implemented in ways that would allow fingerprint sensing to be performed at a location on the OLED display screen by using unique optical sensing designs to route the returned light from the finger into an optical sensor and by providing proper optical imaging mechanism to achieve high resolution optical imaging sensing. In this regard, the disclosed optical sensor technology can be implemented to provide a unique on-screen fingerprint sensing configuration by using the same top touch sensing surface that displays images and provides the touch sensing operations without a separate fingerprint sensing area or port outside the display screen area.

Regarding the additional optical sensing functions beyond fingerprint detection, the optical sensing may be used to measure other parameters. For example, the disclosed optical sensor technology can measure a pattern of a palm of a person given the large touch area available over the entire OLED display screen (in contrast, some designated fingerprint sensors such as the fingerprint senor in the home button of Apple's iPhone/iPad devices have a rather small and designated off-screen fingerprint sensing area that is highly limited in the sensing area size that may not be suitable for sensing large patterns). For yet another example, the disclosed optical sensor technology can be used not only to use optical sensing to capture and detect a pattern of a finger or palm that is associated with a person, but also to use optical sensing or other sensing mechanisms to detect whether the captured or detected pattern of a fingerprint or palm is from a live person's hand by a “live finger” detection mechanism, which may be based on, for example, the different optical absorption behaviors of the blood at different optical wavelengths, the fact that a live person's finger tends to be moving or stretching due to the person's natural movement or motion (either intended or unintended) or pulsing when the blood flows through the person's body in connection with the heartbeat. In one implementation, the optical sensor module can detect a change in the returned light from a finger or palm due to the heartbeat/blood flow change and thus to detect whether there is a live heartbeat in the object presented as a finger or palm. The user authentication can be based on the combination of the both the optical sensing of the fingerprint/palm pattern and the positive determination of the presence of a live person to enhance the access control. For yet another example, the optical sensor module may include a sensing function for measuring a glucose level or a degree of oxygen saturation based on optical sensing in the returned light from a finger or palm. As yet another example, as a person touches the OLED display screen, a change in the touching force can be reflected in one or more ways, including fingerprint pattern deforming, a change in the contacting area between the finger and the screen surface, fingerprint ridge widening, or a blood flow dynamics change. Those and other changes can be measured by optical sensing based on the disclosed optical sensor technology and can be used to calculate the touch force. This touch force sensing can be used to add more functions to the optical sensor module beyond the fingerprint sensing.

With respect to useful operations or control features in connection with the touch sensing aspect of the OLED display screen, the disclosed optical sensor technology can provide triggering functions or additional functions based on one or more sensing results from the optical sensor module to perform certain operations in connection with the touch sensing control over the OLED display screen. For example, the optical property of a finger skin (e.g., the index of refraction) tends to be different from other artificial objects. Based on this, the optical sensor module may be designed to selectively receive and detect returned light that is caused by a finger in touch with the surface of the OLED display screen while returned light caused by other objects would not be detected by the optical sensor module. This object-selective optical detection can be used to provide useful user controls by touch sensing, such as waking up the smartphone or device only by a touch via a person's finger or palm while touches by other objects would not cause the device to wake up for energy efficient operations and to prolong the battery use. This operation can be implemented by a control based on the output of the optical sensor module to control the waking up circuitry operation of the OLED display screen which, most of the OLED pixels are put in a “sleep” mode by being turned off without emitting light while part of the OLED pixels in the OLED display screen are turned on in a flash mode to intermittently emit flash light to the screen surface for sensing any touch by a person's finger or palm. Another “sleep” mode configuration can be achieved by using one or more extra LED light sources built into the optical sensor module to produce the “sleep” mode wake-up sensing light flashes where all the OLED pixels are turned off during the sleep mode so that the optical sensor module can detect returned light of such wake-up sensing light caused by the finger touch on the OLED display screen and, upon a positive detection, the OLED pixels on the OLED display screen are turned on or “woken up”. In some implementations, the wake-up sensing light can be in the infrared invisible spectral range so a user will not experience any visual of a flash light. For another example, the fingerprint sensing by the optical sensor module is based on sensing of the returned light from the surface of the OLED display screen in the course of the normal OLED display screen operation, the OLED display screen operation can be controlled to provide an improved fingerprint sensing by eliminating background light for optical sensing of the fingerprint. In one implementation, for example, each display scan frame generates a frame of fingerprint signals. If, two frames of fingerprint signals with the display are generated in one frame when the OLED display screen is turned on and in the other frame when the OLED display screen is turned off, the subtraction between those two frames of signals can be used to reduce the ambient background light influence. By operating the fingerprint sensing frame rate is at one half of the display frame rate in some implementations, the background light noise in fingerprint sensing can be reduced.

As discussed above, an optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology can be coupled to the backside of the OLED display screen without requiring creation of a designated area on the surface side of the OLED display screen that would occupy a valuable device surface real estate in some electronic devices such as a smartphone, a tablet or a wearable device. This aspect of the disclosed technology can be used to provide certain advantages or benefits in both device designs and product integration or manufacturing.

In some implementations, an optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology can be configured as a non-invasive module that can be easily integrated to a display screen having light emitting display pixels (e.g., an OLED display screen) without requiring changing the design of the OLED display screen for providing a desired optical sensing function such as fingerprint sensing. In this regard, an optical sensor module based on the disclosed optical sensor technology can be independent from the design of a particular OLED display screen design due to the nature of the optical sensor module: the optical sensing of such an optical sensor module is by detecting the light that is emitted by the OLED display screen and is returned from the top surface of the display area, and the disclosed optical sensor module is coupled to the backside of the OLED display screen as a under-screen optical sensor module for receiving the returned light from the top surface of the display area and thus does not require a special sensing port or sensing area that is separate from the display screen area. Accordingly, such a under-screen optical sensor module can be used to combine with OLED display screens to provide optical fingerprint sensing and other sensor functions on an OLED display screen without using a specially designed OLED display screen with hardware especially designed for providing such optical sensing. This aspect of the disclosed optical sensor technology enables a wide range of OLED display screens in smartphones, tablets or other electronic devices with enhanced functions from the optical sensing of the disclosed optical sensor technology.

For example, for an existing phone assembly design that does not provide a separate fingerprint sensor as in certain Apple iPhones or Samsung Galaxy models, such an existing phone assembly design can integrate the under-screen optical sensor module as disclosed herein without changing the touch sensing-display screen assembly to provide an added on-screen fingerprint sensing function. Because the disclosed optical sensing does not require a separate designated sensing area or port as in the case of certain Apple iPhones/Samsung Galaxy phones with a front fingerprint senor outside the display screen area, or some smartphones with a designated rear fingerprint sensor on the backside like in some models by Huawei, Xiaomi, Google or Lenovo, the integration of the on-screen fingerprint sensing disclosed herein does not require a substantial change to the existing phone assembly design or the touch sensing display module that has both the touch sensing layers and the display layers. Based on the disclosed optical sensing technology in this document, no external sensing port and no extern hardware button are needed on the exterior of a device are needed for adding the disclosed optical sensor module for fingerprint sensing. The added optical sensor module and the related circuitry are under the display screen inside the phone housing and the fingerprint sensing can be conveniently performed on the same touch sensing surface for the touch screen.

For another example, due to the above described nature of the optical sensor module for fingerprint sensing, a smartphone that integrates such an optical sensor module can be updated with improved designs, functions and integration mechanism without affecting or burdening the design or manufacturing of the OLED display screens to provide desired flexibility to device manufacturing and improvements/upgrades in product cycles while maintaining the availability of newer versions of optical sensing functions to smartphones, tablets or other electronic devices using OLED display screens. Specifically, the touch sensing layers or the OLED display layers may be updated in the next product release without adding any significant hardware change for the fingerprint sensing feature using the disclosed under-screen optical sensor module. Also, improved on-screen optical sensing for fingerprint sensing or other optical sensing functions by such an optical sensor module can be added to a new product release by using a new version of the under-screen optical sensor module without requiring significant changes to the phone assembly designs, including adding additional optical sensing functions.

The above and other features of the disclosed optical sensor technology can be implemented to provide a new generation of electronic devices with improved fingerprint sensing and other sensing functions, especially for smartphones, tablets and other electronic devices with display screens having light emitting display pixels without using backlight (e.g., an OLED display screen) to provide various touch sensing operations and functions and to enhance the user experience in such devices.

In implementations of the disclosed technical features, additional sensing functions or sensing modules, such as a biomedical sensor, e.g., a heartbeat sensor in wearable devices like wrist band devices or watches, may be provided. In general, different sensors can be provided in electronic devices or systems to achieve different sensing operations and functions.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a system 180 with a fingerprint sensing module 180 including a fingerprint sensor 181 which can be implemented to include an optical fingerprint sensor based on the optical sensing of fingerprints as disclosed in this document. The system 180 includes a fingerprint sensor control circuit 184, and a digital processor 186 which may include one or more processors for processing fingerprint patterns and determining whether an input fingerprint pattern is one for an authorized user. The fingerprint sensing system 180 uses the fingerprint sensor 181 to obtain a fingerprint and compares the obtained fingerprint to a stored fingerprint to enable or disable functionality in a device or system 188 that is secured by the fingerprint sensing system 180. In operation, the access to the device 188 is controlled by the fingerprint processing processor 186 based on whether the captured user fingerprint is from an authorized user. As illustrated, the fingerprint sensor 181 may include multiple fingerprint sensing pixels such as pixels 182A-182E that collectively represent at least a portion of a fingerprint. For example, the fingerprint sensing system 180 may be implemented at an ATM as the system 188 to determine the fingerprint of a customer requesting to access funds or other transactions. Based on a comparison of the customer's fingerprint obtained from the fingerprint sensor 181 to one or more stored fingerprints, the fingerprint sensing system 180 may, upon a positive identification, cause the ATM system 188 to grant the requested access to the user account, or, upon a negative identification, may deny the access. For another example, the device or system 188 may be a smartphone or a portable device and the fingerprint sensing system 180 is a module integrated to the device 188. For another example, the device or system 188 may be a gate or secured entrance to a facility or home that uses the fingerprint sensor 181 to grant or deny entrance. For yet another example, the device or system 188 may be an automobile or other vehicle that uses the fingerprint sensor 181 to link to the start of the engine and to identify whether a person is authorized to operate the automobile or vehicle.

As a specific example, FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate one exemplary implementation of an electronic device 200 having a touch sensing display screen assembly and an optical sensor module positioned underneath the touch sensing display screen assembly. In this particular example, the display technology can be implemented by an OLED display screen or another display screen having light emitting display pixels without using backlight. The electronic device 200 can be a portable device such as a smartphone or a tablet and can be the device 188 as shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2A shows the front side of the device 200 which may resemble some features in some existing smartphones or tablets. The device screen is on the front side of the device 200 occupying either entirety, a majority or a significant portion of the front side space and the fingerprint sensing function is provided on the device screen, e.g., one or more sensing areas for receiving a finger on the device screen. As an example, FIG. 2A shows a fingerprint sensing zone in the device screen for a finger to touch which may be illuminated as a visibly identifiable zone or area for a user to place a finger for fingerprint sensing. Such a fingerprint sensing zone can function like the rest of the device screen for displaying images. As illustrated, the device housing of the device 200 may have, in various implementations, side facets that support side control buttons that are common in various smartphones on the market today. Also, one or more optional sensors may be provided on the front side of the device 200 outside the device screen as illustrated by one example on the left upper corner of the device housing in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2B shows an example of the structural construction of the modules in the device 200 relevant to the optical fingerprint sensing disclosed in this document. The device screen assembly shown in FIG. 2B includes, e.g., the touch sensing screen module with touch sensing layers on the top, and a display screen module with display layers located underneath the touch sensing screen module. An optical sensor module is coupled to, and located underneath, the display screen assembly module to receive and capture the returned light from the top surface of the touch sensing screen module and to guide and image the returned light onto an optical sensor array of optical sensing pixels or photodetectors which convert the optical image in the returned light into pixel signals for further processing. Underneath the optical sensor module is the device electronics structure containing certain electronic circuits for the optical sensor module and other parts in the device 200. The device electronics may be arranged inside the device housing and may include a part that is under the optical sensor module as shown in FIG. 2B.

In implementations, the top surface of the device screen assembly can be a surface of an optically transparent layer serving as a user touch sensing surface to provide multiple functions, such as (1) a display output surface through which the light carrying the display images passes through to reach a viewer's eyes, (2) a touch sensing interface to receive a user's touches for the touch sensing operations by the touch sensing screen module, and (3) an optical interface for on-screen fingerprint sensing (and possibly one or more other optical sensing functions). This optically transparent layer can be a rigid layer such as a glass or crystal layer or a flexible layer.

One example of a display screen having light emitting display pixels without using backlight is an OLED display having an array of individual emitting pixels, and a thin film transistor (TFT) structure or substrate which may include arrays of small holes and may be optically transparent and a cover substrate to protect the OLED pixels. Referring to FIG. 2B, the optical sensor module in this example is placed under the OLED display panel to capture the returned light from the top touch sensing surface and to acquire high resolution images of fingerprint patterns when user's finger is in touch with a sensing area on the top surface. In other implementations, the disclosed under-screen optical sensor module for fingerprint sensing may be implemented on a device without the touch sensing feature. In addition, a suitable display panel may be in various screen designs different from OLED displays.

FIGS. 2C and 2D illustrate an example of a device that implements the optical sensor module in FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2C shows a cross sectional view of a portion of the device containing the under-screen optical sensor module. FIG. 2D shows, on the left, a view of the front side of the device with the touch sensing display indicating a fingerprint sensing area on the lower part of the display screen, and on the right, a perspective view of a part of the device containing the optical sensor module that is under the device display screen assembly. FIG. 2D also shows an example of the layout of the flexible tape with circuit elements.

In the design examples in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D, the optical fingerprint sensor design is different from some other fingerprint sensor designs using a separate fingerprint sensor structure from the display screen with a physical demarcation between the display screen and the fingerprint sensor (e.g., a button like structure in an opening of the top glass cover in some mobile phone designs) on the surface of the mobile device. In the illustrated designs here, the optical fingerprint sensor for detecting fingerprint sensing and other optical signals are located under the top cover glass or layer (e.g., FIG. 2C) so that the top surface of the cover glass serves as the top surface of the mobile device as a contiguous and uniform glass surface across both the display screen layers and the optical detector sensor that are vertically stacked and vertically overlap. This design for integrating optical fingerprint sensing and the touch sensitive display screen under a common and uniform surface provides benefits, including improved device integration, enhanced device packaging, enhanced device resistance to exterior elements, failure and wear and tear, and enhanced user experience over the ownership period of the device.

Various OLED display designs and touch sensing designs can be used for the device screen assembly above the optical sensor module in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D. FIG. 3 illustrates one example of an OLED display and touch sensing assembly, which is FIG. 7B of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2015/0331508A1 published on Nov. 19, 2015, a patent application entitled “Integrated Silicon-OLED Display and Touch Sensor Panel” by Apple, Inc., which is incorporated by reference as part of the disclosure of this patent document. OLEDs can be implemented in various types or configurations, including, but not limited to, passive-matrix OLEDs (PMOLEDs), active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs), transparent OLEDs, cathode-common OLEDs, anode-common OLEDs, White OLEDs (WOLEDs), and RGB-OLEDs. The different types of OLEDs can have different uses, configurations, and advantages. In the example of a system having an integrated Silicon-OLED display and touch sensor panel, the system can include a Silicon substrate, an array of transistors, one or more metallization layers, one or more vias, an OLED stack, color filters, touch sensors, and additional components and circuitry. Additional components and circuitry can include an electrostatic discharge device, a light shielding, a switching matrix, one or more photodiodes, a near-infrared detector and near-infrared color filters. The integrated Silicon-OLED display and touch sensor panel can be further configured for near-field imaging, optically-assisted touch, and fingerprint detection. In some examples, a plurality of touch sensors and/or display pixels can be grouped into clusters, and the clusters can be coupled to a switching matrix for dynamic change of touch and/or display granularity. In the OLED example in FIG. 3 and other implementations, touch sensors and touch sensing circuitry can include, for example, touch signal lines, such as drive lines and sense lines, grounding regions, and other circuitry. One way to reduce the size of an integrated touch screen can be to include multi-function circuit elements that can form part of the display circuitry designed to operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display. The multi-function circuit elements can also form part of the touch sensing circuitry of a touch sensing system that can sense one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels of an LCD that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that can also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry. The OLED display example in FIG. 3 can be implemented to include multi-touch functionality to an OLED display without the need of a separate multi-touch panel or layer overlaying the OLED display. The OLED display, display circuitry, touch sensors, and touch circuitry can be formed on a Silicon substrate. By fabricating the integrated OLED display and touch sensor panel on a Silicon substrate, extremely high pixels per inch (PPI) can be achieved. Other arrangements different from FIG. 3 for the OLED and touch sensing structures are also possible. For example, the touch sensing layers can be an assembly that is located on top of the OLED display assembly.

Referring back to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the illustrated under-screen optical sensor module for on-screen fingerprint sensing may be implemented in various configurations.

In one implementation, a device based on the above design can be structured to include a device screen a that provides touch sensing operations and includes a display panel structure having light emitting display pixels each operable to emit light for forming a display image, a top transparent layer formed over the device screen as an interface for being touched by a user for the touch sensing operations and for transmitting the light from the display structure to display images to a user, and an optical sensor module located below the display panel structure to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels of the display structure and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint.

This device can be further configured with various features.

For example, a device electronic control module can be included in the device to grant a user's access to the device if a detected fingerprint matches a fingerprint an authorized user. In addition, the optical sensor module is configured to, in addition to detecting fingerprints, also detect a biometric parameter different form a fingerprint by optical sensing to indicate whether a touch at the top transparent layer associated with a detected fingerprint is from a live person, and the device electronic control module is configured to grant a user's access to the device if both (1) a detected fingerprint matches a fingerprint an authorized user and (2) the detected biometric parameter indicates the detected fingerprint is from a live person. The biometric parameter can include, e.g., whether the finger contains a blood flow, or a heartbeat of a person.

For example, the device can include a device electronic control module coupled to the display panel structure to supply power to the light emitting display pixels and to control image display by the display panel structure, and, in a fingerprint sensing operation, the device electronic control module operates to turn off the light emitting display pixels in one frame to and turn on the light emitting display pixels in a next frame to allow the optical sensor array to capture two fingerprint images with and without the illumination by the light emitting display pixels to reduce background light in fingerprint sensing.

For another example, a device electronic control module may be coupled to the display panel structure to supply power to the light emitting display pixels and to turn off power to the light emitting display pixels in a sleep mode, and the device electronic control module may be configured to wake up the display panel structure from the sleep mode when the optical sensor module detects the presence of a person's skin at the designated fingerprint sensing region of the top transparent layer. More specifically, in some implementations, the device electronic control module can be configured to operate one or more selected light emitting display pixels to intermittently emit light, while turning off power to other light emitting display pixels, when the display panel structure is in the sleep mode, to direct the intermittently emitted light to the designated fingerprint sensing region of the top transparent layer for monitoring whether there is a person's skin in contact with the designated fingerprint sensing region for waking up the device from the sleep mode. Also, the display panel structure may be designed to include one or more LED lights in addition to the light emitting display pixels, and the device electronic control module may be configured to operate the one or more LED lights to intermittently emit light, while turning off power to light emitting display pixels when the display panel structure is in the sleep mode, to direct the intermittently emitted light to the designated fingerprint sensing region of the top transparent layer for monitoring whether there is a person's skin in contact with the designated fingerprint sensing region for waking up the device from the sleep mode.

For another example, the device can include a device electronic control module coupled to the optical sensor module to receive information on multiple detected fingerprints obtained from sensing a touch of a finger and the device electronic control module is operated to measure a change in the multiple detected fingerprints and determines a touch force that causes the measured change. For instance, the change may include a change in the fingerprint image due to the touch force, a change in the touch area due to the touch force, or a change in spacing of fingerprint ridges.

For another example, the top transparent layer can include a designated fingerprint sensing region for a user to touch with a finger for fingerprint sensing and the optical sensor module below the display panel structure can include a transparent block in contact with the display panel substrate to receive light that is emitted from the display panel structure and returned from the top transparent layer, an optical sensor array that receives the light and an optical imaging module that images the received light in the transparent block onto the optical sensor array. The optical sensor module can be positioned relative to the designated fingerprint sensing region and structured to selectively receive returned light via total internal reflection at the top surface of the top transparent layer when in contact with a person's skin while not receiving the returned light from the designated fingerprint sensing region in absence of a contact by a person's skin.

For yet another example, the optical sensor module can be structured to include an optical wedge located below the display panel structure to modify a total reflection condition on a bottom surface of the display panel structure that interfaces with the optical wedge to permit extraction of light out of the display panel structure through the bottom surface, an optical sensor array that receives the light from the optical wedge extracted from the display panel structure, and an optical imaging module located between the optical wedge and the optical sensor array to image the light from the optical wedge onto the optical sensor array.

Specific examples of under-screen optical sensor modules for on-screen fingerprint sensing are provided below.

FIGS. 4A and FIG. 4B show an example of one implementation of an optical sensor module under the display screen assembly for implementing the design in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The device in FIGS. 4A-4B includes a display assembly 423 with a top transparent layer 431 formed over the device screen assembly 423 as an interface for being touched by a user for the touch sensing operations and for transmitting the light from the display structure to display images to a user. This top transparent layer 431 can be a cover glass or a crystal material in some implementations. The device screen assembly 423 can include an OLED display module 433 under the top transparent layer 431. The OLED display module 433 includes, among others, OLED layers including an array of OLED pixels that emit light for displaying images. The OLED layers have electrodes and wiring structure optically acting as an array of holes and light scattering objects. The array of holes in the OLED layers allows transmission of light from the top transparent layer 431 through the OLED layers to reach the optical sensor module under the OLED layers and the light scattering caused by the OLED layers affects the optical detection by the under-screen optical sensor module for fingerprint sensing. A device circuit module 435 may be provided under the OLED display panel to control operations of the device and perform functions for the user to operate the device.

The optical sensor module in this particular implementation example is placed under OLED display module 433. The OLED pixels in a fingerprint illumination zone 613 can be controlled to emit light to illuminate the fingerprint sensing zone 615 on the top transparent layer 431 within the device screen area for a user to place a finger therein for fingerprint identification. As illustrated, a finger 445 is placed in the illuminated fingerprint sensing zone 615 as the effective sensing zone for fingerprint sensing. A portion of the reflected or scattered light in the zone 615 illuminated by the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 is directed into the optical sensor module underneath the OLED display module 433 and a photodetector sensing array inside the optical sensor module receives such light and captures the fingerprint pattern information carried by the received light.

In this design of using the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 within the OLED display panel to provide the illumination light for optical fingerprint sensing, the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 can be controlled to turn on intermittently with a relatively low cycle to reduce the optical power used for the optical sensing operations. For example, while the rest of the OLED pixels in the OLED panel are turned off (e.g., in a sleep mode), the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 can be turned on intermittently to emit illumination light for optical sensing operations, including performing optical fingerprint sensing and waking up the OLED panel. The fingerprint sensing operation can be implemented in a 2-step process in some implementations: first, a few of the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 within the OLED display panel are turned on in a flashing mode without turning on other OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 to use the flashing light to sense whether a finger touches the sensing zone 615 and, once a touch in the zone 615 is detected, the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 are turned on to activate the optical sensing module to perform the fingerprint sensing. Also, upon activating the optical sensing module to perform the fingerprint sensing, the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 may be operated at a brightness level to improve the optical detection performance for fingerprint sensing, e.g., at a higher brightness level than their bright level in displaying images.

In the example in FIG. 4B, the under-screen optical sensor module includes a transparent block 701 that is coupled to the display panel to receive the returned light from the top surface of the device assembly that is initially emitted by the OLED pixels in the fingerprint sensing zone 613, and an optical imaging block 702 that performs the optical imaging and imaging capturing. Light from OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613, after reaching the cover top surface, e.g., the cover top surface at the sensing area 615 where a user finger touches, is reflected or scattered back from the cover top surface. When fingerprint ridges in close contact of the cover top surface in the sensing area 615, the light reflection under the fingerprint ridges is different, due to the presence of the skin or tissue of the finger in contact at that location, from the light reflection at another location under the fingerprint valley, where the skin or tissue of the finger is absent. This difference in light reflection conditions at the locations of the ridges and valleys in the touched finger area on the cover top surface forms an image representing an image or spatial distribution of the ridges and valleys of the touched section of the finger. The reflection light is directed back towards the OLED pixels, and, after passing through the small holes of the OLED display module 433, reaches the interface with the low index optically transparent block 701 of the optical sensor module. The low index optically transparent block 701 is constructed to have a refractive index less than a refractive index of the OLED display panel so that the returned light can be extracted out of the OLED display panel into the optically transparent block 701. Once the returned light is received inside the optically transparent block 701, such received light enters the optical imaging unit as part of the imaging sensing block 702 and is imaged onto the photodetector sensing array or optical sensing array inside the block 702. The light reflection differences between fingerprint ridges and valleys create the contrast of the fingerprint image. As shown in FIG. 4B is a control circuit 704 (e.g., a microcontroller or MCU) which is coupled to the imaging sensing block 702 and to other circuitry such as the device main processor 705 on a main circuit board.

In this particular example, the optical light path design is such the light ray enters the cover top surface within the total reflect angles on the top surface between the substrate and air interface will get collected most effectively by the imaging optics and imaging sensor array in the block 702. In this design the image of the fingerprint ridge/valley area exhibits a maximum contrast. Such an imaging system may have undesired optical distortions that would adversely affect the fingerprint sensing. Accordingly, the acquired image may be further corrected by a distortion correction during the imaging reconstruction in processing the output signals of the optical sensor array in the block 702 based on the optical distortion profile along the light paths of the returned light at the optical sensor array. The distortion correction coefficients can be generated by images captured at each photodetector pixel by scanning a test image pattern one line pixel at a time, through the whole sensing area in both X direction lines and Y direction lines. This correction process can also use images from tuning each individual pixel on one at a time, and scanning through the whole image area of the photodetector array. This correction coefficients only need to be generated one time after assembly of the sensor.

The background light from environment (e.g., sun light or room light) may enter the image sensor through OLED panel top surface, through TFT substrate holes in the OLED display assembly 433. Such background light can create a background baseline in the interested images from fingers and is undesirable. Different methods can be used to reduce this baseline intensity. One example is to tune on and off the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 at a certain frequency F and the image sensor accordingly acquires the received images at the same frequency by phase synchronizing the pixel driving pulse and image sensor frame. Under this operation, only one of the image phases has the lights emitted from pixels. By subtracting even and odd frames, it is possible to obtain an image which most consists of light emitted from the modulated OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613. Based on this design, each display scan frame generates a frame of fingerprint signals. If two sequential frames of signals by turning on the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 in one frame and off in the other frame are subtracted, the ambient background light influence can be minimized or substantially eliminated. In implementations, the fingerprint sensing frame rate can be one half of the display frame rate.

A portion of the light from the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 may also go through the cover top surface, and enter the finger tissues. This part of light power is scattered around and a part of this scattered light may go through the small holes on the OLED panel substrate, and is eventually collected by the imaging sensor array in the optical sensor module. The light intensity of this scattered light depends on the finger's skin color, the blood concentration in the finger tissue and this information carried by this scattered light on the finger is useful for fingerprint sensing and can be detected as part of the fingerprint sensing operation. For example, by integrating the intensity of a region of user's finger image, it is possible to observe the blood concentration increase/decrease depends on the phase of the user's heart-beat. This signature can be used to determine the user's heart beat rate, to determine if the user's finger is a live finger, or to provide a spoof device with a fabricated fingerprint pattern.

Referring to the OLED display example in FIG. 3, an OLED display usually has different color pixels, e.g., adjacent red, green and blue pixels form one color OLED pixels. By controlling which color of pixels within each color pixel to turn on and recording corresponding measured intensity, the user's skin color may be determined. As an example, when a user registers a finger for fingerprint authentication operation, the optical fingerprint sensor also measures intensity of the scatter light from finger at color A, and B, as intensity Ia, Ib. The ratio of Ia/Ib could be recorded to compare with later measurement when user's finger is placed on the sensing area to measure fingerprint. This method can help reject the spoof device which may not match user's skin color.

In some implementations, to provide a fingerprint sensing operation using the above described optical sensor module when the OLED display panel is not turn on, one or more extra LED light sources 703 designated for providing fingerprint sensing illumination can be placed on the side of the transparent block 701 as shown in FIG. 4B. This designated LED light 703 can be controlled by the same electronics 704 (e.g., MCU) for controlling the image sensor array in the block 702. The designated LED light 703 can be pulsed for a short time, at a low duty cycle, to emit light intermittently and to provide pulse light for image sensing. The image sensor array can be operated to monitor the light pattern reflected off the OLED panel cover substrate at the same pulse duty cycle. If there is a human finger touching the sensing area 615 on the screen, the image that is captured at the imaging sensing array in the block 702 can be used to detect the touching event. The control electronics or MCU 704 connected to the image sensor array in the block 702 can be operated to determine if the touch is by a human finger touch. If it is confirmed that it is a human finger touch event, the MCU 704 can be operated to wake up the smartphone system, turn on the OLED display panel (or at least the off the OLED pixels in the fingerprint illumination zone 613 for performing the optical fingerprint sensing), and use the normal mode to acquire a full fingerprint image. The image sensor array in the block 702 will send the acquired fingerprint image to the smartphone main processor 705 which can be operated to match the captured fingerprint image to the registered fingerprint database. If there is a match, the smartphone will unlock the phone, and start the normal operation. If the captured image is not matched, the smartphone will feedback to user that the authentication is failed. User may try again, or input passcode.

In the example in FIG. 4 (specifically, FIG. 4B), the under-screen optical sensor module uses the optically transparent block 701 and the imaging sensing block 702 with the photodetector sensing array to optically image the fingerprint pattern of a touching finger in contact with the top surface of the display screen onto the photodetector sensing array. The optical imaging axis or detection axis 625 from the sensing zone 615 to the photodetector array in the block 702 is illustrated in FIG. 4B. The optically transparent block 701 and the front end of the imaging sensing block 702 before the photodetector sensing array forma a bulk imaging module to achieve proper imaging for the optical fingerprint sensing. Due to the optical distortions in this imaging process, a distortion correction can be used, as explained above, to achieve the desired imaging operation.

In the optical sensing by the under-screen optical sensor module in FIGS. 4A-4B and other designs disclosed herein, the optical signal from the sensing zone 615 on the top transparent layer 431 to the under-screen optical sensor module include different light components. FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate signal generation for the returned light from the sensing zone 615 under two different optical conditions to facilitate the understanding of the operation of the under-screen optical sensor module.

FIG. 5A shows how OLED-emitted light from the OLED display module 433, after transmitting through the top transparent layer 431, generates different returned light signals including light signals that carry fingerprint pattern information to the under-screen optical sensor module. Two OLED pixels 71 and 73 at two different locations are shown to emit OLED output light beams 80 and 82 that are directed to the top transparent layer 431 without experiencing total reflection at the interfaces of the top transparent layer 431. A finger 60 is in contact with the sensing zone 615 on the e top transparent layer 431. As illustrated, the OLED light beam 80 reaches to a finger ridge in contact with the top transparent layer 431 after transmitting through the top transparent layer 431 to generate the light beam 183 in the finger tissue and another light beam 181 back towards the OLED display module 433. The OLED light beam 82 reaches to a finger valley located above the top transparent layer 431 after transmitting through the top transparent layer 431 to generate the reflected light beam 185 from the interface with the top transparent layer 431 back towards the OLED display module 433, a second light beam 189 that enters the finger tissue and a third light beam 187 reflected by the finger valley.

In the example in FIG. 5A, it is assumed that the finger skin's equivalent index of refraction is about 1.44 at 550 nm and the cover glass index of refraction is about 1.51 for the top transparent layer 431. Under those assumptions, the display OLED pixel 71 is turned on at the finger skin ridge location 61 to produce the beam 80. The finger ridge-cover glass interface reflects part of the beam 80 as reflected light 181 to bottom layers 524 below the OLED display module 433. The reflectance is low, about 0.1%. The majority of the light beam 80 becomes the beam 183 that transmits into the finger tissue 60 which causes scattering of the light 183 to produce the returned scattered light 191 towards the OLED display module 433 and the bottom layers 524. The scattering of the transmitted light beam 189 from the OLED pixel 73 in the finger tissue also contributes to the returned scattered light 191.

The beam 82 from the display OLED group 73 at the finger skin valley location 63, the cover glass surface reflects about 3.5% of the incident light 82 power (light 185) to bottom layers 524, and the finger valley surface reflects about 3.3% of the incident light power (light 187) to bottom layers 524. The total reflection is about 6.8%. The majority light 189 is transmitted into the finger tissues 60. Part of the light power in the transmitted light 189 in the figure tissue is scattered by the tissue to contribute to the scattered light 191 towards and into the bottom layers 524.

Therefore, the light reflections from various interface or surfaces at finger valleys and finger ridges of a touching finger are different and the reflection ratio difference carries the fingerprint map information and can be measured to extract the fingerprint pattern of the portion that is in contact with the top transparent layer 431 and is illuminated the OLED light.

FIG. 5B shows how OLED-emitted light from the OLED display module 433, under a total reflection condition at the interface with the top transparent layer 431, generates different returned light signals including light signals that carry fingerprint pattern information to the under-screen optical sensor module. It is assumed that the cover glass 431 and the OLED display module 433 are glued together without any air gap in between so that an OLED light beam emitted by an OLED pixel 73 with a large incident angle to the cover glass 431 will be totally reflected at the cover glass-air interface. When the display OLED pixel 73 is turned on, the divergent light beams can be divided into three groups: (1) central beams 82 with small incident angles to the cover glass 431 without the total reflection, (2) high contrast beams 201, 202, 211, 212 that are totally reflected at the cover glass 431 when nothing touches the cover glass surface and can be coupled into finger tissues when a finger touches the cover glass 431, and (3) escaping beams having very large incident angles that are totally reflected at the cover glass 431 even at a location where the finger issue is in contact.

For the central light beams 82, the cover glass surface reflects about 0.1%-3.5% to light beam 185 that is transmitted into bottom layers 524, the finger skin reflects about 0.1%-3.3% to light beam 187 that is also transmitted into bottom layers 524. The reflection difference is dependent on whether the light beams 82 meet with finger skin ridge 61 or valley 63. The rest light beam 189 is coupled into the finger tissues 60.

For high contrast light beams 201 and 202, the cover glass surface reflects nearly 100% to light beams 205 and 206 respectively if nothing touches the cover glass surface. When the finger skin ridges touch the cover glass surface and at light beams 201 and 202 positions, most of the light power is coupled into the finger tissues 60 by light beams 203 and 204.

For high contrast light beams 211 and 212, the cover glass surface reflects nearly 100% to light beams 213 and 214 respectively if nothing touches the cover glass surface. When the finger touches the cover glass surface and the finger skin valleys happen to be at light beams 211 and 212 positions, no light power is coupled into finger tissues 60.

Similar to the situation in FIG. 5A, light beams that are coupled into finger tissues 60 will experience random scattering by the figure tissues to form low-contrast light 191.

Therefore, in high contrast light beams illuminated area, finger skin ridges and valleys cause different optical reflections and the reflection difference pattern carries the fingerprint pattern information. The high contrast fingerprint signals can be achieved by comparing the difference.

The disclosed under-screen optical sensing technology can be in various configurations to optically capture fingerprints based on the design in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

For example, the specific implementation in FIG. 4B based on optical imaging by using a bulk imaging module in the optical sensing module can be implemented in various configurations. FIGS. 6A-6C, 7, 8A-8B, 9, 10A-10B, 11 and 12 illustrate examples of various implementations and additional features and operations of the under-screen optical sensor module designs for optical fingerprint sensing.

FIGS. 6A, FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C show an example of a under-screen optical sensor module based on optical imaging via a lens for capturing a fingerprint from a finger 445 pressing on the display cover glass 423. FIG. 6C is an enlarged view of the optical sensor module part shown in FIG. 6B. The under-screen optical sensor module as shown in FIG. 6B is placed under the OLED display module 433 includes an optically transparent spacer 617 that is engaged to the bottom surface of the OLED display module 433 to receive the returned light from the sensing zone 615 on the top surface of the top transparent layer 431, an imaging lens 621 that is located between and spacer 617 and the photodetector array 623 to image the received returned light from the sensing zone 615 onto the photodetector array 623. Like the imaging system in the example in FIG. 4B, this imaging system in FIG. 6B for the optical sensor module can experience image distortions and a suitable optical correction calibration can be used to reduce such distortions, e.g., the distortion correction methods described for the system in FIG. 4B.

Similar to the assumptions in FIGS. 5A and 5B, it is assumed that the finger skin's equivalent index of refraction to be about 1.44 at 550 nm and a bare cover glass index of refraction to be about 1.51 for the cover glass 423. When the OLED display module 433 is glued onto the cover glass 431 without any air gap, the total inner reflection happens in large angles at or larger than the critical incident angle for the interface. The total reflection incident angle is about 41.8° if nothing is in contact with the cover glass top surface, and the total reflection angle is about 73.7° if the finger skin touches the cover glass top surface. The corresponding total reflection angle difference is about 31.9°.

In this design, the micro lens 621 and the photodiode array 623 define a viewing angle θ for capturing the image of the a contact finger in the sensing zone 615. This viewing angle can be aligned properly by controlling the physical parameters or configurations in order to detect a desired part of the cover glass surface in the sensing zone 615. For example, the viewing angle may be aligned to detect the total inner reflection of the OLED display assembly. Specifically, the viewing angle θ is aligned to sense the effective sensing zone 615 on the cover glass surface. The effective sensing cover glass surface 615 may be viewed as a mirror so that the photodetector array effectively detects an image of a viewing zone or the fingerprint illumination zone 613 in the OLED display that is projected by the sensing cover glass surface 615 onto the photodetector array. If the OLED pixels in the viewing zone/fingerprint illumination zone 613 are turned on to emit light, the photodiode/photodetector array 623 can receives the image of the zone 613 that is reflected by the sensing cover glass surface 615. When a finger touches the sensing zone 615, some of the light can be coupled into the fingerprint's ridges and this will cause the photodetector array to receive light from the location of the ridges to appear as a darker image of the fingerprint. Because the geometrics of the optical detection path are known, the fingerprint image distortion caused in the optical path in the optical sensor module can be corrected.

Consider, as a specific example, that the distance H in FIG. 6B from the detection module central axis to the cover glass top surface is 2 mm. This design can directly cover 5 mm of an effective sensing zone 615 with a width Wc on the cover glass. Adjusting the spacer 617 thickness can adjust the detector position parameter H, and the effective sensing zone width Wc can be optimized. Because H includes the thickness of the cover glass 431 and the display module 433, the application design should take these layers into account. The spacer 617, the micro lens 621, and the photodiode array 623 can be integrated under the color coating 619 on the bottom surface of the top transparent layer 431.

FIG. 7 shows an example of further design considerations of the optical imaging design for the optical sensor module shown in FIGS. 6A-6C by using a special spacer 618 to replace the spacer 617 in FIGS. 6B-6C to increase the size of the sensing area 615. The spacer 618 is designed with a width Ws and thickness is Hs to have a low refraction index (RI) ns, and is placed under the OLED display module 433, e.g., being attached (e.g., glued) to the bottom surface the OLED display module 433. The end facet of the spacer 618 is an angled or slanted facet that interfaces with the micro lens 621. This relative position of the spacer and the lens is different from FIGS. 6B-6C where the lens is placed underneath the spacer 617. The micro lens 621 and a photodiode array 623 are assembled into the optical detection module with a detection angle width θ. The detection axis 625 is bent due to optical refraction at the interface between the spacer 618 and display module 433 and at the interface between the cover glass 431 and the air. The local incident angle φ1 and φ2 are decided by the refractive indices RIs, ns, nc, and na of the materials for the components.

If nc is greater than ns, φ1 is greater than φ2. Thus, the refraction enlarges the sensing width Wc. For example, assuming the finger skin's equivalent RI is about 1.44 at 550nm and the cover glass index RI is about 1.51, the total reflection incident angle is estimated to be about 41.8° if nothing touches the cover glass top surface, and the total reflection angle is about 73.7° if the finger skin touches the cover glass top surface. The corresponding total reflection angle difference is about 31.9°. If the spacer 618 is made of same material of the cover glass, and the distance from the detection module center to the cover glass top surface is 2 mm, if detection angle width is θ=31.9°, the effective sensing area width Wc is about 5 mm. The corresponding central axis's local incident angle is φ1=φ2=57.75°. If the material for the special spacer 618 has a refractive index ns about 1.4, and Hs is 1.2 mm and the detection module is tilted at φ1=70°. The effective sensing area width is increased to be greater than 6.5 mm. Under those parameters, the detection angle width in the cover glass is reduced to 19°. Therefore, the imaging system for the optical sensor module can be designed to desirably enlarge the size of the sensing area 615 on the top transparent layer 431.

When the RI of the special spacer 618 is designed to be sufficiently low (e.g., to use MgF2 , CaF2, or even air to form the spacer), the width Wc of the effective sensing area 615 is no longer limited by the thickness of the cover glass 431 and the display module 433. This property leaves designer desired flexibility. In principle, if the detection module has enough resolution, the effective sensing area can even be increased to cover all the display screen.

Since the disclosed optical sensor technology can be used to provide a large sensing area for capturing a pattern, the disclosed under-screen optical sensor modules may be used to capture and detect not only a pattern of a finger but a larger size patter such a person's palm that is associated with a person for user authentication.

FIGS. 8A-8B show an example of further design considerations of the optical imaging design for the optical sensor module shown in FIG. 7 by setting the detection angle θ′ of the photodetector array relative in the display screen surface and the distance L between the lens 621 and the spacer 618. FIG. 8A shows a cross-sectional view along the direction perpendicular to the display screen surface and FIG. 8B shows a view of the device from either the bottom or top of the displace screen. A filling material 618 c can be used to fill the space between the lens 621 and the photodetector array 623. For example, the filling material 618 c can be same material of the special spacer 618 or another different material. In some designs, the filling material 618 c may the air space.

FIG. 9 shows another example of a under-screen optical sensor module based on the design in FIG. 7 where the viewing zone or the fingerprint illumination zone 613 in the OLED display module 433 is designed to include one or more extra light sources 614 that are attached to or glued into the same position or region of the viewing zone 613 to provide additional illumination to the sensing zone 615, thus increasing the light intensity in optical sensing operations. This is one of ways for improving the optical sensing sensitivity. The extra light sources 614 may be of an expanded type, or be a collimated type so that all the points within the effective sensing zone 615 is illuminated. The extra light sources 614 may be a single element light source or an array of light sources. As mentioned above, the OLED pixels in the viewing zone or the fingerprint illumination zone 613 in the OLED display module 433 may be operated a higher brightness level during the optical fingerprint sensing operation above the brightness level used for displaying images in the OLED display.

FIGS. 10A-10B show an example of a under-screen optical sensor module that uses an optical coupler 628 shaped as a thin wedge to improve the optical detection at the optical sensor array 623. FIG. 10A shows a cross section of the device structure with an under-screen optical sensor module for fingerprint sensing and FIG. 10B shows a top view of the device screen. The optical wedge 628 (with a refractive index n_(s)) is located below the display panel structure to modify a total reflection condition on a bottom surface of the display panel structure that interfaces with the optical wedge 628 to permit extraction of light out of the display panel structure through the bottom surface. The optical sensor array 623 receives the light from the optical wedge 628 extracted from the display panel structure and the optical imaging module 621 is located between the optical wedge 628 and the optical sensor array 623 to image the light from the optical wedge 628 onto the optical sensor array 623. In the illustrated example, the optical wedge 628 includes a slanted optical wedge surface facing the optical imaging module and the optical sensing array 623. Also, as shown, there is a free space between the optical wedge 628 and the optical imaging module 621.

If the light is totally reflected at the sensing surface of the cover glass 431, the reflectance is 100%, of the highest efficiency. However, the light will also be totally reflected at the OLED bottom surface 433 b if it is parallel to the cover glass surfaces. The wedge coupler 628 is used to modify the local surface angle so that the light can be coupled out for the detection at the optical sensor array 623. The micro holes in the TFT layers of the OLED display module 431 provide the desired light propagation path for light to transmit through the OLED display module 431 for the under-screen optical sensing. The actual light transmission efficiency may gradually be reduced if the light transmission angle becomes too large or when the TFT layer becomes too thick. When the angle is close to the total reflection angle, namely about 41.8° when the cover glass refractive index is 1.5, the fingerprint image looks good. Accordingly, the wedge angle of the wedge coupler 628 may be adjusted to be of a couple of degrees so that the detection efficiency can be increased or optimized. If the cover glass' refractive index is selected to be higher, the total reflection angle becomes smaller. For example, if the cover glass is made of Sapphire which refractive index is about 1,76, the total reflection angle is about 34.62°. The detection light transmission efficiency in the display is also improved. Therefore, this design of using a thin wedge to set the detection angle to be higher than the total reflection angle, and/or to use high refractive index cover glass material to improve the detection efficiency.

In the under-screen optical sensor module designs in FIGS. 6A-10B, the sensing area 615 on the top transparent surface is not vertical or perpendicular to the detection axis 625 of the optical sensor module so that the image plane of the sensing area is also not vertical or perpendicular to the detection axis 625. Accordingly, the plane of the photodetector array 523 can be tilted relative the detection axis 625 to achieve high quality imaging at the photodetector array 623.

FIG. 11 shows three example configurations for this tiling. FIG. 11 (1) shows the sensing area 615 a is tilted and is not perpendicular the detection axis 625. In a specified case shown in (2), the sensing area 615 b is aligned to be on the detection axis 625, its image plane will also be located on the detection axis 625. In practice, the lens 621 can be partially cut off so as to simplify the package. In various implementations, the micro lens 621 can also be of transmission type or reflection type. For example, a specified approach is illustrated in (3). The sensing area 615 c is imaged by an imaging mirror 621 a. A photodiode array 623 b is aligned to detect the signals.

In the above designs where the lens 621 is used, the lens 621 can be designed to have an effective aperture that is larger than the aperture of the holes in the OLED display layers that allow transmission of light through the OLED display for optical fingerprint sensing. This design can reduce the undesired influence of the wiring structures and other scattering objects in the OLED display module.

In some implementations of the disclosed fingerprint technology, the fingerprint sensing contrast at the optical sensor array 623 can be improved by controlling the OLED pixels (613) of the display screen that provide the illumination for capturing the fingerprint patterns in the fingerprint touch sensing. When the fingerprint sensor is activated, e.g., due to presence of a touch, the OLED pixels in the local viewing zone 613 can be turned on with high brightness to improve the fingerprint sensing contrast. For example, the brightness of the OLED pixels in the local viewing zone 613 can be controlled to be higher than its maximum brightness when the same OLED pixels in the local viewing zone 613 are used as a regular display.

FIG. 12 shows an example of an operation of the fingerprint sensor for reducing or eliminating undesired contributions from the background light in fingerprint sensing. The optical sensor array can be used to capture various frames and the captured frames can be used to perform differential and averaging operations among multiple frames to reduce the influence of the background light. For example, in frame A the OLED display is turned on to illuminate the finger touching area, in frame B the illumination is changed or turned off. Subtraction of the signals of frame B from the signals of frame A can be used in the image processing to reduce the undesired background light influence.

The undesired background light in the fingerprint sensing may also be reduced by providing proper optical filtering in the light path. One or more optical filters may be used to reject the environment light wavelengths, such as near IR and partial of the red light etc. In some implementation, such optical filter coatings may be made on the surfaces of the optical parts, including the display bottom surface, prism surfaces, sensor surface etc. For example, human fingers absorb most of the energy of the wavelengths under ˜580 nm, if one or more optical filters or optical filtering coatings can be designed to reject light in wavelengths from 580 nm to infrared, undesired contributions to the optical detection in fingerprint sensing from the environment light may be greatly reduced.

FIG. 13 shows an example of an operation process for correcting the image distortion in the optical sensor module. At step 1301, certain display pixels are controlled and operated to emit light in a specific region, and the light emission of such pixels is modulated by a frequency F. Ate step 1302, an imaging sensor under the display panel is operated to capture the image at frame rate at same frequency F. In the optical fingerprint sensing operation, a finger is placed on top of the display panel cover substrate and the presence of the finger modulates the light reflection intensity of the display panel cover substrate top surface. The imaging sensor under the display captures the fingerprint modulated reflection light pattern. At step 1303, the demodulation of the signals from image sensors is synchronized with the frequency F, and the background subtraction is performed. The resultant image has a reduced background light effect and includes images from pixel emitting lights. At step 1304, the capture image is processed and calibrated to correct image system distortions. At step 1305, the corrected image is used as a human fingerprint image for user authentication.

The same optical sensors used for capturing the fingerprint of a user can be used also to capture the scattered light from the illuminated finger as shown by the back scattered light 191 in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The detector signals from the back scattered light 191 in FIGS. 5A and 5B in a region of interest can be integrated to produce an intensity signal. The intensity variation of this intensity signal is evaluated to determine the heart rate of the user.

The above fingerprint sensor may be hacked by malicious individuals who can obtain the authorized user's fingerprint, and copy the stolen fingerprint pattern on a carrier object that resembles a human finger. Such unauthorized fingerprint patterns may be used on the fingerprint sensor to unlock the targeted device. Hence, a fingerprint pattern, although a unique biometric identifier, may not be by itself a completely reliable or secure identification. The under-screen optical sensor module can also be used to as an optical anti-spoofing sensor for sensing whether an input object with fingerprint patterns is a finger from a living person and for determining whether a fingerprint input is a fingerprint spoofing attack. This optical anti-spoofing sensing function can be provided without using a separate optical sensor. The optical anti-spoofing can provide high-speed responses without compromising the overall response speed of the fingerprint sensing operation

FIG. 14A shows exemplary optical extinction coefficients of materials being monitored in blood where the optical absorptions are different between the visible spectral range e.g., red light at 660 nm and the infrared range, e.g., IR light at 940 nm. By using probe light to illuminate a finger at a first visible wavelength (Color A) and a second different wavelength such as an IR wavelength (Color B), the differences in the optical absorption of the input object can be captured determine whether the touched object is a finger from a live person. Since the OLED pixels include OLED pixels emitting light of different colors to emit probe light at least two different optical wavelengths to use the different optical absorption behaviors of the blood for live finger detection. When a person' heart beats, the pulse pressure pumps the blood to flow in the arteries, so the extinction ratio of the materials being monitored in the blood changes with the pulse. The received signal carries the pulse signals. These properties of the blood can be used to detect whether the monitored material is a live-fingerprint or a fake fingerprint.

FIG. 14B shows a comparison between optical signal behaviors in the reflected light from a nonliving material (e.g., a fake finger) and a live finger. The optical fingerprint sensor can also operate as a heartbeat sensor to monitor a living organism. When two or more wavelengths of the probe light are detected, the extinction ratio difference can be used to quickly determine whether the monitored material is a living organism, such as live fingerprint. In the example shown in FIG. 14B, probe light at different wavelengths were used, one at a visible wavelength and another an IR wavelength as illustrated in FIG. 14A.

When a nonliving material touches the top cover glass above the fingerprint sensor module, the received signal reveals strength levels that are correlated to the surface pattern of the nonliving material and the received signal does not contain signal components associated with a finger of a living person. However, when a finger of a living person touches the top cover glass, the received signal reveals signal characteristics associated with a living person, including obviously different strength levels because the extinction ratios are different for different wavelengths. This method does not take long time to determine whether the touching material is a part of a living person. In FIG. 14B, the pulse-shaped signal reflects multiple touches instead of blood pulse. Similar multiple touches with a nonliving material does not show the difference caused by a living finger.

This optical sensing of different optical absorption behaviors of the blood at different optical wavelengths can be performed in a short period for live finger detection and can be faster than optical detection of a person's heart beat using the same optical sensor.

FIG. 15 shows an example of an operation process for determining whether an object in contact with the OLED display screen is part of a finger of a live person by operating the OLED pixels to illuminate the finger in two different light colors.

For yet another example, the disclosed optical sensor technology can be used to detect whether the captured or detected pattern of a fingerprint or palm is from a live person's hand by a “live finger” detection mechanism by other mechanisms other than the above described different optical absorptions of blood at different optical wavelengths. For example, a live person's finger tends to be moving or stretching due to the person's natural movement or motion (either intended or unintended) or pulsing when the blood flows through the person's body in connection with the heartbeat. In one implementation, the optical sensor module can detect a change in the returned light from a finger or palm due to the heartbeat/blood flow change and thus to detect whether there is a live heartbeat in the object presented as a finger or palm. The user authentication can be based on the combination of the both the optical sensing of the fingerprint/palm pattern and the positive determination of the presence of a live person to enhance the access control. For yet another example, as a person touches the OLED display screen, a change in the touching force can be reflected in one or more ways, including fingerprint pattern deforming, a change in the contacting area between the finger and the screen surface, fingerprint ridge widening, or a blood flow dynamics change. Those and other changes can be measured by optical sensing based on the disclosed optical sensor technology and can be used to calculate the touch force. This touch force sensing can be used to add more functions to the optical sensor module beyond the fingerprint sensing.

In the above examples where the fingerprint pattern is captured on the optical sensor array via an imaging module as in FIG. 4B and FIG. 6B, optical distortions tend to degrade the image sensing fidelity. Such optical distortions can be corrected in various ways. FIG. 16 shows an example of a standard calibration pattern produced by the OLED display for calibrating the imaging sensing signals output by the optical sensor array for fingerprint sensing. The fingerprint sensing module calibrates the output coordinates referencing on the image of the standard pattern.

In light of the disclosure in this patent document, various implementations can be made for the optical sensor module as disclosed.

For example, a display panel can be constructed in which each pixel emitting lights, and can be controlled individually; the display panel includes an at least partially transparent substrate; and a cover substrate, which is substantially transparent. An optical sensor module is placed under the display panel to sense the images form on the top of the display panel surface. The optical sensor module can be used to sense the images form from light emitting from display panel pixels. The optical sensor module can include a transparent block with refractive index lower than the display panel substrate, and an imaging sensor block with an imaging sensor array and an optical imaging lens. In some implementations, the low refractive index block has refractive index in the range of 1.35 to 1.46 or 1 to 1.35.

For another example, a method can be provided for fingerprint sensing, where light emitting from a display panel is reflected off the cover substrate, a finger placed on top of the cover substrate interacts with the light to modulate the light reflection pattern by the fingerprint. An imaging sensing module under the display panel is used to sense the reflected light pattern image and reconstruct fingerprint image. In one implementation, the emitting light from the display panel is modulated in time domain, and the imaging sensor is synchronized with the modulation of the emitting pixels, where a demodulation process will reject most of the background light (light not from pixels being targeted).

Various design considerations for the disclosed under-screen optical sensor module for optical fingerprint sensing are further described in Attachment 3 entitled “MULTIFUNCTION FINGERPRINT SENSOR AND PACKAGING” (41 pages in text and 26 sheets of drawings) as part of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/289,328 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/330,833 and in the International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/038445 entitled “MULTIFUNCTION FINGERPRINT SENSOR HAVING OPTICAL SENSING CAPABILITY” filed at USPTO on Jun. 20, 2016 (claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/181,718, filed on Jun. 18, 2015 and published under No. WO 2016/205832 on Dec. 22, 2016) and MULTIFUNCTION FINGERPRINT SENSOR HAVING OPTICAL SENSING AGAINST FINGERPRINT SPOOFING filed at SIPO on Nov. 2, 2016 (claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/249,832, filed on Nov. 2, 2015 and published under No. ______). The entire disclosures of the above mentioned patent applications are incorporated by reference as part of the disclosure of this patent document.

In various implementations of the under-screen optical sensor module technology for fingerprint sensing disclosed herein, the optical imaging of the illuminated touched portion of a finger to the optical sensor array in the under-screen optical sensor module can be achieved without using an imagine module such as a lens by imaging the returned light from the touched portion of the finger under optical illumination. One technical challenge for optical fingerprint sensing without an imaging module is how to control the spreading of the returned light that may spatially scramble returned light from different locations on the touched portion of the finger at the optical sensor array so that the spatial information of different locations may be lost when such returned light reaches the optical sensor array. This challenge can be addressed by using optical collimators or an array of pinholes to replace the optical imaging module in the under-screen optical sensor module for detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing. A device for implementing such optical fingerprint sending can include a device screen that provides touch sensing operations and includes a display panel structure having light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the device screen as an interface for being touched by a user for the touch sensing operations and for transmitting the light from the display structure to display images to a user; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel structure to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels of the display structure and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint, the optical sensor module including an optical sensor array that receives the returned light and an array of optical collimators or pinholes located in a path of the returned light to the optical sensor array. The array of optical collimators are used to collect the returned light from the display panel structure and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light to the optical sensor array.

The imaging by using collimators relies on using different collimators at different locations to spatially separate light from different regions of a fingerprint to different optical detectors in the optical detector array. The thickness or length of each collimator along the collimator can be designed to control the narrow field of optical view of each collimator, e.g., the light from only a small area on the illuminated finger is captured by each collimator and is projected onto a few adjacent optical detectors in the optical detector array. As an example, the thickness or length of each collimator along the collimator can be designed to be large, e.g., a few hundred microns, so that the field of optical view of each collimator may allow the collimator to deliver imaging light to a small area on the optical detector array, e.g., one optical detector or a few adjacent optical detectors in the optical detector array (e.g., an area of tens of microns on each side on the optical detector array in some cases).

The following sections explain how an array of optical collimators or pinholes can be used for under-screen optical fingerprint sensing by the examples for using optical collimators in optical fingerprint sensing in hybrid sensing pixels each having a capacitive sensor for capturing fingerprint information and an optical sensor for capturing fingerprint information.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show two examples of hybrid sensing pixel designs that combine capacitive sensing and optical sensing within the same sensing pixel.

FIG. 17A shows an example of a fingerprint sensor device 2100 that incorporates a capacitive sensor in addition to an optical sensor for each sensor pixel of an array of sensor pixels in capturing fingerprint information. By combining both capacitive sensors and optical sensors, fingerprint images obtained with the optical sensors can be used to better resolve the 3D fingerprint structure obtained with the capacitive sensors. For illustrative purposes, the structure shown in FIG. 17A represents one sensor pixel in an array of sensor pixels and each sensor pixel includes an optical sensor 2102 and a capacitive sensor 2114 that are disposed next to each other within the same pixel.

The optical sensor 2102 includes a photodetector 2108 and a collimator 2106 disposed over the photodetector 2108 to narrow or focus reflected light 2124 from finger 2102 toward the photodetector 2108. One or more light sources, such as LEDs (not shown) can be disposed around the collimator 2106 to emit light, which is reflected off the finger as reflected light 2124 and is directed or focused toward the corresponding photodetector 2108 to capture a part of the fingerprint image of the finger 2102. The collimator 2106 can be implemented using an optical fiber bundle or one or more metal layer(s) with holes or openings. This use of multiple optical collimators above the optical detector array may be used as a lensless optical design for capturing the fingerprint image with a desired spatial resolution for reliable optical fingerprints sensing. FIG. 17A shows the collimator 2106 implemented using one or more metal layers 2110 with holes or openings 2112. The collimator 2106 in the layer between the top structure or layer 2104 and the photodetectors 2108 in FIG. 17A includes multiple individual optical collimators formed by optical fibers or by holes or openings in one or more layers (e.g., silicon or metal) and each of such individual optical collimators receives light ray 2124 in a direction along the longitudinal direction of each optical collimator or within a small angle range that can be captured by the top opening of each opening or hole and by the tubular structure as shown so that light rays incident in large angles from the longitudinal direction of each optical collimator are rejected by each collimator from reaching the optical photodiode on the other end of the optical collimator.

In the capacitive sensing part of each sensing pixel, the capacitive sensor 2114 includes a capacitive sensor plate 2116 that is electromagnetically coupled to a portion of a finger that is either nearby or in contact with the sensing pixel to perform the capacitive sensing. More specifically, the capacitive sensor plate 2116 and the finger 2102 interact as two plates of one or more capacitive elements 2122 when the finger 2102 is in contact with or substantially near the optional cover 2104 or a cover on a mobile device that implements the fingerprint sensor device 2100. The number of capacitive sensor plates 2116 can vary based on the design of the capacitive sensor 2114. The capacitive sensor plate 2116 can be implemented using one or more metal layers. The capacitive sensor plate 2116 is communicatively coupled to capacitive sensor circuitry 2120 so that the capacitive sensor circuitry 2120 can process the signals from the capacitive sensor plate 2116 to obtain data representing the 3D fingerprint structure. A routing or shielding material can be disposed between the capacitive sensor plate 2116 and the capacitive sensor circuitry to electrically shield the metal plate 2116. The capacitive sensor circuitry 2120 can be communicatively coupled to both the capacitive sensor plate 2116 and the photodetector 2108 to process both the signal from the capacitive sensor plate 2116 and the signal from the photodetector 2108. In FIG. 17A, the capacitive sensor and the optical sensor within each hybrid sensing pixel are adjacent to and displaced from each other without being spatially overlapped.

In implementations, the optical sensing features in the hybrid sensor design in FIG. 17A such as the optical collimator design can be used in a under-screen optical sensor module. Therefore, the optical sensing with the optical collimator feature in FIG. 17A may be implemented in a mobile device or an electronic device is capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing to include a display screen structure; a top transparent layer formed over the display screen structure as an interface for being touched by a user and for transmitting the light from the display screen structure to display images to a user; and an optical sensor module located below the display screen structure to receive light that is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint. The optical sensor module includes an optical sensor array of photodetectors that receive the returned light and an array of optical collimators to collect the returned light from the top transparent layer via the display screen structure and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light through the optical collimators to the photodetectors of the optical sensor array.

FIG. 17B illustrates another example of a fingerprint sensor device 2130 that structurally integrates an optical sensor and a capacitive sensor in each hybrid sensor pixel in a spatially overlap configuration in an array of sensor pixels to reduce the footprint of each hybrid sensing pixel. The fingerprint sensor device 2130 includes a semiconductor substrate 2131, such as silicon. Over the substrate 2131, multiple sensing elements or sensing pixels 2139 are disposed. Each sensing element or sensing pixel 2139 includes active electronics circuitry area 2132 including CMOS switches, amplifier, resistors and capacitors for processing sensor signals. Each sensing pixel or sensing element 2139 includes a photodetector 2133 disposed or embedded in the active electronics circuitry area 2132. A capacitive sensor plate or a top electrode 2134 of the capacitive sensor for capacitive sensing is disposed over a photodetector 2133 and includes a hole or opening 2138 on the sensor plate 2134 to function also as a collimator of light for directing light onto the photodetector 2133. A via 2135 filled with conductive material is disposed to electrically connect the top electrode 2134 to the active circuit elements 2132. By adjusting the opening or the hole and the distance of the top electrode 2134 with the photodetector 2133, the light collecting angle 2137 of the photodetector (e.g., photodiode) 2133 can be adjusted. The fingerprint sensor device 2130 is covered by a protective cover 2136, which includes hard materials, such as sapphire, glass etc. Photodetector 2133 light collection angle 2137 can be designed to preserve the spatial resolution of the image collected by the photodiode arrays. A light source 2140, such as an LED, is placed under the cover, on the side of fingerprint sensor device 2130 to emit light, which is reflected off the finger and directed toward the photodetector 2133 to capture the fingerprint image. When a finger touches or comes substantially near the protective cover, the finger and the sensing top electrode 2134 in combination form a capacitive coupling (e.g., capacitor 2142) between the human body and sensing top electrode 2134. The fingerprint sensor device 2130 that includes both optical and capacitive sensors can acquire images of both a light reflection image of fingerprint and also a capacitive coupling image. The sensing top electrode 2134 serves dual purpose: 1) for capacitive sensing, and 2) as a collimator (by fabricating one or more holes on the sensing top electrode 2134) to direct, narrow or focus reflected light from the finger toward the photodetector 2133. Reusing the sensing top electrode 2134 eliminates the need for additional metal layer or optical fiber bundle, and thus reduces each pixel size and accordingly the overall size of the fingerprint sensor device 2130.

In FIG. 17B, the optical sensing design uses the holes or openings 2138 formed between the top layer 2136 and the bottom array of photodetectors 2133 as an optical collimators to select only light rays within certain angles 2137 to preserve the spatial resolution of the image collected by the photodetectors 2133 in the photodetector array as illustrated. Similar to the fiber or other tubular shaped optical collimators in FIG. 17A, the holes or openings 2138 formed between the top layer 2136 and the bottom array of photodetectors 2133 constitute optical collimators to collect the returned light from the top transparent layer via the display screen structure and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light through the optical collimators to the photodetectors 2133.

FIG. 18 is a top-down view of an exemplary hybrid fingerprint sensor device 2200 incorporating both an optical sensor and a capacitive sensor in each hybrid sensing pixel. The fingerprint sensor device 2200 is implemented as a CMOS silicon chip 2221 that includes an array of hybrid (incorporating both an optical sensor and a capacitive sensor) sensing elements or pixels 2222. Alternatively, the layout in FIGS. 22A-22B can also be for all optical sensing designs disclosed in this document where the openings or holes 2223 represent the optical collimators in FIG. 17A or 17B. The size or dimension of the sensing elements can be in the range of 25 μm to 250 μm, for example. The hybrid sensor device 2200 can include an array of support circuitry including amplifiers, ADCs, and buffer memory in a side region 2224. In addition, the hybrid sensor device 2200 can include an area for wire bonding or bump bonding 2225. A top layer 2226 of the hybrid sensor element 2222 can include a metal electrode for capacitive sensing. One or more openings or holes 2223 can be fabricated on each top metal electrode 23 to structurally serve as a collimator for directing light in a vertical direction to shine on a photodetector under the top electrode. Thus, the top layer 2226 structure can serve dual purposes of optical and capacitive sensing. A sensor device processor can be provided to process the pixel output signals from hybrid sensing pixels to extract the fingerprint information.

In addition to sharing the same structure for capacitive sensing and for focusing light in the vertical direction as a collimator, one instance of sensor signal detection circuitry can be shared between the optical and capacitive sensors to detect the sensor signals from both a photodetector and a capacitive sensor plate.

FIG. 19A illustrates a circuit diagram for an exemplary hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2300 having both capacitive sensing and optical sensing functions for fingerprints. The exemplary sensor pixel 2300 includes sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 to selectively switch between detecting or acquiring sensor signals from a sensing top electrode (e.g., a top metal layer) 2308 based on capacitive sensing and a photodetector (e.g., a photodiode) 2314 based on optical sensing to acquire both a reflective optical image from the photodetector 2314 and a capacitive coupled image from the capacitive sensor electrode 2308 from a finger. In some implementations, the two images from the two sensing mechanisms in each hybrid sensing pixel can be serially processed by the sensor signal detection circuitry. In the illustrated example, switches 2310 and 2312 have first terminals that are electrically coupled to the sensing top electrode 2308 and the photodetector 2314, respectively, and second terminals that are coupled to a common input terminal of the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 to provide corresponding optical detector signal from the photodetector 2314 and the corresponding capacitive sensing signal from the sensing top electrode 2308 to the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316. When the switch 2310 is turned off (CAP_EN=0) and the switch 2312 is turned on (Optical_en=1), the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 acquires the optical detector signal representing the optical image of the scanned fingerprint received at the particular hybrid sensing pixel. The sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 can acquire the capacitive sensing signal representing the capacitive image of the scanned fingerprint when switch 2310 CAP_EN=1 and Optical_en=0. After both the optical and capacitive images are acquired, both images can be processed in downstream circuitry separately and in combination to identify the fingerprint characteristics.

With the two modality of imaging by the above hybrid sensing pixels, the performance of the fingerprint identification can be enhanced by making use of the two types of the images in different ways. This enhanced fingerprint identification can be achieved by the sensor device processor, such as sensor device processor 2321, for processing the pixel output signals from the hybrid sensing pixels to extract the fingerprint information. For example, the capacitive image can provide a 3D image on the depth of the ridges and valleys of the fingerprint features. Complementing the 3D capacitive image, the optical image can provide a high resolution 2D information on the fingerprint characteristics. The optical 2D image having a higher spatial resolution can be used to recover the capacitive sensing image resolution because both images information on the same ridges of the fingerprint. In some implementations where the capacitive sensing method may be more sensitive and accurate on identifying the valleys of the fingerprint than the optical sensing method, the spatial resolution of images acquired using the capacitive sensing method can degrade based on the thickness of the cover. This aspect of the capacitive sensing can be supplemented by the optical sensing. In operation, the sensor response may be fixed and the point spread function of the capacitive sensor may be fixed for all sensor positions. The higher resolution optical sensing can be used as a resolution recovery method and can be applied on the capacitive sensing image to enhance the 3D image. A partial high resolution image from optical sensing can be available to help with the recovering method. Thus, the 3D capacitive image can be enhanced to provide more information on the valleys and ridges by interpolating or recovering based on the high resolution 2D image.

The enhanced 3D image can provide an improved fingerprint recognition and matching. In another example, the optical and capacitive images can be stored together to provide two comparisons each time a fingerprint recognition or matching is performed. The use of two types of images for comparison enhances the accuracy and security of the fingerprint sensing system.

The sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 can be implemented in various ways using a number different circuitry designs. In one example, integrator sensing circuitry 2318 can be implemented to store the electric charges caused by ridges and valleys touching or being substantially near the cover of the fingerprint sensor device of the cover of the mobile device. The inclusion of the integrator circuitry 2318 enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The integrator sensing circuitry includes an operational amplifier 2322 to amplify a sensor signal, such as a capacitance related or optical related signal (e.g., voltage signal), detected by the sensing top electrode 2308 or the photodetector 2314 of the exemplary sensor pixel 2300. The sensing top electrode 2308 that include a conductive material, such as one of a variety of metals is electrically connected to a negative or inverting terminal 2328 of the amplifier 2322 through the switch 2310. The sensing top electrode 2108 and a local surface of the finger 2302 function as opposing plates of a capacitor Cf 2302. The capacitance of the capacitor Cf 2302 varies based on a distance ‘d’ between the local surface of the finger and the sensing top electrode 2308, the distance between the two plates of the capacitor Cf 2302. The capacitance of capacitor Cf 2302 is inversely proportional to the distance ‘d’ between the two plates of the capacitor Cf 2302. The capacitance of capacitor Cf 2302 is larger when the sensing top electrode 2308 is opposite a ridge of the finger than when opposite a valley of the finger.

In addition, various parasitic or other capacitors can be formed between different conductive elements in the exemplary sensor pixel 2300. For example, a parasitic capacitor CP 2304 can form between the sensing top electrode 2308 and a device ground terminal 2305. Device ground is coupled to earth ground closely. Another capacitor Cr 2324 can form between an output conductor of the amplifier 2322 and the negative or inverting terminal 2328 of the amplifier 2322 and functions as a feedback capacitor to the amplifier 2322. Also, a switch 2326 can be coupled between the output of the amplifier 2322 and the negative or inverting terminal 2328 of the amplifier 2322 to reset the integrator circuitry 2318.

The positive terminal of the amplifier 2322 is electrically connected to an excitation signal Vref. The excitation signal Vref can be directly provided to the positive terminal of a dedicated amplifier in each sensor pixel. By providing the excitation signal Vref directly to the positive terminal of the amplifier 2322, the exemplary sensor pixel 2100 becomes an active sensor pixel. In addition, providing the excitation signal Vref directly to the positive terminal of the amplifier 2322 eliminates the need to include an excitation electrode, common to all sensor pixels, which reduces a conductive (e.g., metal) layer from the semiconductor structure of the sensor chip. In some implementations, an optional excitation electrode 2306 can be implemented to enhance the SNR based on the design of the sensor pixel. In addition, by providing the excitation signal Vref 2330 directly to the amplifier 2322, the excitation signal Vref 2322 is not applied directly to the finger to avoid potentially irritating or injuring the finger. Moreover, when the excitation electrode for applying the excitation signal directly to the finger is not used, all components of the fingerprint sensor device can be integrated into a single packaged device, and the entire fingerprint sensor device can be disposed under the protective cover glass. With the entire fingerprint sensor device disposed under the protective cover glass, the fingerprint sensor device is protected from the finger and other external elements that can potentially damage the fingerprint sensor.

In FIG. 19A, the output signal (optical and capacitive) of the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 (e.g., Vpo of the amplifiers 2322) in the sensor pixels 2300 is electrically coupled to a switch 2320 to selectively output the output signal Vpo from the sensor pixel 2300 to a signal processing circuitry including a filter. The switch 2320 can be implemented using a transistor or other switching mechanisms and electrically coupled to a controller to control the switching of the switch 2320. By controlling the switches 2320, 2310 and 2312, the sensor pixels in an array of sensor pixels can be selectively switched between acquiring the optical signals and the capacitive signals. In one implementation, the optical or capacitive signal can be acquired for each line, row or column of sensor pixels in the array and then switched to acquire the other type of signal for the line, row or column. The switching between the optical and capacitive signal acquisition can be performed line-by-line. In another implementation, one type of signal (capacitive or optical) can be acquired for all sensor pixels or elements in the array and then switched to acquire the other type of signal for all of the sensor pixels or elements. Thus, the switching between acquisition of different signal types can occur for the entire array. Other variations of switching between acquisition of the two types of sensor signals can be implemented.

FIG. 19B illustrates a circuit diagram for another exemplary hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2340. The hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2340 is substantially the same as the hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2300 with respect to the components having the same reference number. For descriptions of the common components having the same reference number, refer to the description of FIG. 19A.

The hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2340 implements the sensing top electrode 2308 to include a hole or opening 2342 that functions as a collimator to focus or narrow the reflected light 2344 toward the photodetector 2314 (e.g., photodiode). The photodetector 2314 can be positioned or disposed below the collimator implemented using the sensing top electrode 2308 to capture the reflected light 2344 focused by the collimator 2308.

In some implementations, separate instances of sensor signal detection circuitry can be included for the optical and capacitive sensors to detect in parallel the sensor signals from both a photodetector and a capacitive sensor plate.

FIG. 19C illustrates a circuit diagram of an exemplary hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2350 for performing parallel detection of sensor signals from the photodetector and the capacitive sensor plate. The hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2350 is substantially the same as the hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2340 with respect to the components having the same reference number. For descriptions of the common components having the same reference number, refer to the description of FIG. 19A.

To perform sensor signal detection from both the capacitive plate and the photodetector in parallel, the hybrid fingerprint sensing element or pixel 2350 includes separate sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 and 2317 communicatively coupled to the sensing top electrode 2308 and the photodetector 2324 respectively. Sensor signal detection circuitry 2317 can be implemented to be substantially similar to sensor signal detection circuitry 2316. In some implementations, switches 2310 and 2312 can be disposed to have first terminals that are electrically coupled to the sensing top electrode 2308 and the photodetector 2314, respectively, and second terminals that are coupled to respective sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 and 2317 to provide the optical detector signal from the photodetector 2314 and the capacitive sensing signal from the sensing top electrode 2308 to the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 and 2317 respectively When the switches 2310 and 2312 are turned on and off together, the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 and 2317 can perform sensor signal detection from the capacitive plate 2308 and the photodetector 2314 in parallel. When the switches 2310 and 2312 are turned on and off out of phase with each other, the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 and 2317 can perform sensor signal detection from the capacitive plate 2308 and the photodetector 2314 in series. In addition, the sensor device processor 2321 can be communicatively coupled to the sensor signal detection circuitry 2316 and 2317 either directly or indirectly through switches 2320A and 2320B to process the detected sensor signals from the capacitive plate 2308 and the photodetector 2314 in parallel or in series.

In another aspect of the disclosed technology, the optical sensor described with respect to FIGS. 17A, 17B, 18, 19A and 19B can be used to measure human heart beat by measuring the reflected light intensity change with time caused by blood flow variations in fingers due to the heart beat and pumping actions of the heart. This information is contained in the received light that is reflected, scattered or diffused by the finger and is carried by the optical detector signal. Thus, the optical sensor can serve multiple functions including acquiring an optical image of the fingerprint and to measure human heart beat. In implementations, a sensor device processor is used to process one or more optical detector signals to extract the heart beat information. This sensor device processor may be the same sensor device processor that processes the pixel output signals from optical sensing pixels or hybrid sensing pixels to extract the fingerprint information

FIGS. 20, 21A-21B, and 22A-22B illustrate examples of various designs for fingerprint sensing using a under-screen optical sensor module using an array of optical collimators or pinholes for directing signal light carrying fingerprint information to the optical sensor array. Such optical collimators or pinholes are placed between the display screen and the optical sensor array in the under-screen optical sensor module to couple desired returned light from the display panel while filtering out background light in the optical detection by the optical sensor array. Implementation of such optical collimators or pinholes can simplify the optical designs of the optical detection by the optical sensor array, e.g., without using complex optical imaging designs in other designs disclosed in this patent document, such as the imaging designs in FIGS. 6B, 7, 10A, and 11. In addition, implementation of such optical collimators or pinholes can simplify the optical alignment of the overall optical layout to the optical sensor array and improve reliability and performance of the optical detection by the optical sensor array. Furthermore, such optical collimators or pinholes can significantly simplify the fabrication and reduce the overall cost of the under-screen optical sensor module.

FIG. 20 shows an under-screen optical sensor module that includes an optical collimator array 2001 of optical collimators placed on top of a photodetector array 2002 for directing signal light carrying fingerprint information into different photodetectors on the photodetector array 2002. A circuitry module 2003 is coupled to the photodetector array 2002 to operate the photodetector array 2002 and to receive the output signals from photodetectors on the photodetector array 2002. The OLED display module 433 includes small light transmission holes 82D, e.g., holes in the TFT layer of the OLED display module, to allow the light from the top surface of the top transparent layer 431 to pass through the OLED display module 433 to reach the under-screen optical sensor module. The collimator array 2001 may use collimators in various designs, e.g., waveguide based image transmitters, an optical fiber array (with core or coreless), a micro lens array, a pinhole array and others. The collimators in the array 2001 are designed to limit the numerical aperture of the sampled image. Each pixel of the collimator array 2001 can be regarded as an optical detection needle. The photodiode array 2002 may be a CMOS sensor array, a CCD sensor array, a photodiode array or other photosensing array.

In operation, the OLED pixels illuminate the cover glass 431. The light reflected from the cover glass 431 is diffracted by the holes of the TFT structure in the OLED display module 433. The collimator array 2001 samples the useful part of the diffracted light and selects a portion of the light that fits the small numerical aperture of each collimator to transmit to the photodiode array 2002 to form the image of the sensing area.

FIGS. 21A-21B show the operation of the optical sensor module in FIG. 20. The OLED pixels in the illumination zone 613 in the OLED display module 433 shine light beam 82P to the finger in contact with the sensing zone 615 on the cover glass 431. The finger and the cover glass 431 reflect a light beam 82R. The small holes in the TFT substrate diffract the light beam 82R to form light beam 82D. Proper collimator units in the collimator array 2001 select light 82S from the light beam 82D and guide it into the proper photodetector elements of photodetector array 2002. In some OLED displays, part of the light may be directly shined towards the sensor module and may be eliminated by calibration.

FIGS. 22A-22B show an exemplary implementation of the design in FIG. 20 and FIGS. 21A-21B. The optical collimator array 2001 in this example includes an array of optical collimators 903 and an optical absorption material 905 filled between the optical collimators 903 to absorb light to reduce cross talk between different optical collimators. Each collimator 903 of the collimator array 2001 may be channels that are extended or elongated along a direction perpendicular to the display panel and lets the light be transmitted along its axis with a low loss. The collimator array 2001 is designed to reduce optical crosstalk between different optical collimators and to maintain a desired spatial resolution in the optical sensing. In some implementations, one optical collimator may correspond to only one photodetector in the photodetector array 2002. In other implementations, one optical collimator may correspond to two or more photodetectors in the photodetector array 2002. As illustrated in FIG. 22B, the axis of each collimator unit may be perpendicular to the display screen surface in some designs and may be slanted with respect to the display surface. In operation, only the light that propagates along a collimator axis carries the image information. For example, the proper incident light 82P is reflected to form light 82R. Light 82R is then diffracted by the small holes of the TFT and expanded to light 82D. The light portion 82S is transmitted into the photodiode array 2002. The light portion 82E away from the axis is absorbed by the filling material. The reflectance on the cover glass surface 431 carries the fingerprint information. Other OLED pixels emit light 901 which is at an angle with respect to the collimator unit axis and thus may be blocked. A part of the reflected light, such as 901E, transmits into a corresponding optical collimator to reach the photodetector array 2002.

The optical collimator array can be made by different techniques, including, e.g., etching holes through a flat substrate, forming a light waveguide array, forming a micro lens array matching with optical filters, using coreless optical fiber bundle, or printing collimators on a transparent sheet. The desired features for such a collimator array include: (1) sufficient transmission contrast between the light component that propagates along the axis and the component that propagates off the axis so that the collimators ensures the desired spatial resolution in the optical sensing of the fingerprint pattern at the photodetector array; (2) the permitted transmission numerical aperture be sufficiently small to realize a desired high spatial resolution for the optical sensing.

Various optical collimator array designs may be used. Each optical collimator in the optical collimator array is structured to perform spatial filtering by transmitting light in directions along or close to an axis of the optical collimator while blocking light in other directions and to have a small optical transmission numerical aperture to achieve a high spatial resolution by the array of optical collimators. The small optical transmission numerical aperture also reduces the amount of the background light that enters the optical sensor array. The collimator element aperture and the pitch (i.e., the distance between two nearby collimator elements) can be designed to achieve a desired spatial resolution for the optical fingerprint sensing.

FIG. 23 shows an example of a collimator design that is part of the CMOS structure by using aligned holes in two different metal layers in the CMOS structure. Each collimator in the array is an elongated channel along a direction that is perpendicular to the display panel.

FIG. 24 shows an example of an optical fingerprint sensor module under the OLED display structure that incorporates an optical sensor array and an integrated collimator array for each optical sensor pixel in capturing fingerprint information. The optical sensor array includes an array of photodetectors and a collimator array is disposed over the photodetector array to include optically transparent vias as optical collimators and optically opaque metal structures between the vias as shown. The OLED display pixels emit light to illuminate the touched portion of a finger and the light reflected off the finger is directed through the collimator array to reach the photodetector array which captures a part of the fingerprint image of the finger. The collimator array can be implemented using one or more metal layer(s) with holes or openings integrated via the CMOS process.

Such optical collimators in the under-screen optical sensor module can be structured to provide direct point to point imaging. For example, the dimensions of the optical collimator array and individual collimators can be designed to closely match the dimensions of the photodetector array and the dimensions of individual photodetectors, respectively, to achieve one to one imaging between optical collimators and photodetectors. The entire image carried by the light received by the optical sensor module can be captured by the photodetector array at individual photodetectors simultaneously without stitching.

The spatial filtering operation of the optical collimator array can advantageously reduce the amount of the background light that enters the photodetector array in the optical sensor module. In addition, one or more optical filters may be provided in the optical sensor module to filter out the background light and to reduce the amount of the background light at the photodetector array for improved optical sensing of the returned light from the fingerprint sensing area due to the illumination by emitted light from the OLED pixels. For example, the one or more optical filters can be configured, for example, as bandpass filters to allow transmission of the light at emitted by the OLED pixels while blocking other light components such as the IR light in the sunlight. This optical filtering can be an effective in reducing the background light caused by sunlight when using the device outdoors. The one or more optical filters can be implemented as, for example, optical filter coatings formed on one or more interfaces along the optical path to the photodetector array in the optical sensor module or one or more discrete optical filters.

FIG. 25 shows an example an optical collimator array with optical filtering to reduce background light that reaches the photodetector array in the under-screen optical sensor module. This example uses an array of optical waveguides as the optical collimators and one or more optical filter films are coupled to the optical waveguide array to reduce undesired background light from reaching the photodetector array coupled to the optical waveguide array, e.g. the IR light from the sunlight while transmitting desired light in a predetermined spectral band for the probe light that is used to illuminate the finger. The optical waveguide can include a waveguide core with or without an outside waveguide cladding. The optical waveguide may also be formed by a coreless fiber bundle with different fibers where each unit collimator is a piece of fiber without a fiber core structure. When the coreless fibers are made into bundle, the filling material between the fibers may include a light absorbing material so as to increase the absorption of stray light that is not guided by the coreless fibers. The final collimator may be assembled with multiple layers of sub-collimator arrays.

The following sections provide examples of various optical collimator designs and their fabrication.

FIGS. 26A and 26B show examples of fabricating collimators by etching. In FIG. 26A, a layer of a suitable material for forming optical collimators in the collimator array is formed on or supported by a support substrate which is optically transparent. An etching mask is formed over the layer and has a pattern for etching the underlying layer to form the optical collimators. A suitable etching process is performed to form the optical collimators. The support substrate may be bound with the collimator array and may be formed from various optical transparent materials including, e.g., silicon oxide.

FIG. 26B shows an example of an optical collimator array that is assembled by stacking multiple layers of sub-collimator arrays via an inter-layer connector material which may be an adhesive, a glass, or a suitable optically transparent material. In some implementations, different layers of sub-collimator arrays may be stacked over one another without the inter-layer connector material. This stacking allows fabrication of optical collimators with desired lengths or depths along the collimator axis to achieve desired optical numerical apertures. The holes of the collimators geometrically limit the viewing angle. The transmitting numeral aperture is decided by the thickness of the collimator and the hole aperture. The holes may be filled with an optically transparent material in some applications and may be void in some designs.

In implementations, the support substrate may be coated with one or more optical filter films to reduce or eliminate background light such as the IR light from the sunlight while transmitting desired light in a predetermined spectral band for the probe light that is used to illuminate the finger.

FIG. 27 shows an array of optical spatial filters coupled with micro lens array where each microlens is located with respect to a corresponding through hole of an optical spatial filter so that each unit collimator includes a micro lens and a micro spatial filter, such as a micro hole. Each micro lens is structured and positioned to focus received light to the corresponding micro spatial filter without imaging the received light. The micro hole limits the effective receiving numerical aperture. The spatial filter may be printed on an optically transparent substrate, or etched on a piece of silicon wafer. The micro lens array may be etched by MEMS processing or chemical processing. The micro lens may also be made of a gradient refractive index material, e.g., cutting a piece of gradient refractive index glass fiber to a quarter pitch of length. The focal length of the micro lenses and the diameter of the spatial filter hole can be used to control the transmitting numerical aperture of each unit. Like in other designs, the collimator board may be coated with filter films to reduce or eliminate the light band not used in the sensor such as the IR light from the sunlight.

FIG. 28 shows an example of an integrated CMOS photo detection array sensor, with built-in collimation of light. The collimator is built by combing an array of aligned holes (705) in different metal layers (704) and oxide layers (702,703) which are interleaved between metal layers to provide separation. These holes can be aligned with photo sensitive elements (701) in the optical sensor array. Optical fingerprint imager is implemented with this integrated CMOS photo detection array sensor with built-in collimation of light under the OLED display module (710) and cover glass. The fingerprint of the user's finger touch the sensor window area of the cover glass can be imaged by detection of the light reflected off the fingerprint valley and ridges, with the light emitting from the OLED display pixels of the window area. The light from a fingerprint ridge area would be reduced, because the light is absorbed in fingerprint tissue at the ridge area while the light from the fingerprint valley area stronger by comparison. This difference in the light levels between the ridges and valleys of a fingerprint produces a fingerprint pattern at the optical sensor array.

In the above optical sensor module designs based on collimators, the thickness or length of each collimator along the collimator can be designed to be large to deliver imaging light to a small area on the optical detector array or to be small to deliver imaging light to a large area on the optical detector array. When the thickness or length of each collimator along the collimator in a collimator array decreases to a certain point, e.g., tens of microns, the field of the optical view of each collimator may be relatively large to cover a patch of adjacent optical detectors on the optical detector array, e.g., an area of 1 mm by 1 mm. In some device designs, optical fingerprint sensing can be achieved by using an array of pinholes with each pinhole having a sufficiently large field of optical view to cover a patch of adjacent optical detectors in the optical detector array to achieve a high image resolution at the optical detector array in sensing a fingerprint. In comparison with a collimator design, a pinhole array can have a thinner dimension and a smaller number of pinholes to achieve a desired high imaging resolution without an imaging lens. Also, different from the imaging via optical collimators, imaging with the array of pinholes uses each pinhole as a pinhole camera to capture the image and the image reconstruction process based on the pinhole camera operation is different that by using the optical collimator array: each pinhole establishes a sub-image zone and the sub image zones by different pinholes in the array of pinholes are stitched together to construct the whole image. The image resolution by the optical sensor module with a pinhole array is related to the sensitive element size of the detector array and thus the sensing resolution can be adjusted or optimized by adjusting the detector dimensions.

A pinhole array can be relatively simple to fabricate based on various semiconductor patterning techniques or processes or other fabrication methods at relatively low costs. A pinhole array can also provide spatial filtering operation to advantageously reduce the amount of the background light that enters the photodetector array in the optical sensor module. Similar to designing the optical sensor modules with optical collimators, one or more optical filters may be provided in the optical sensor module with a pinhole array to filter out the background light and to reduce the amount of the background light at the photodetector array for improved optical sensing of the returned light from the fingerprint sensing area due to the illumination by emitted light from the OLED pixels. For example, the one or more optical filters can be configured, for example, as bandpass filters to allow transmission of the light at emitted by the OLED pixels while blocking other light components such as the IR light in the sunlight. This optical filtering can be an effective in reducing the background light caused by sunlight when using the device outdoors. The one or more optical filters can be implemented as, for example, optical filter coatings formed on one or more interfaces along the optical path to the photodetector array in the optical sensor module or one or more discrete optical filters.

In an optical sensor module based on optical collimators, the optical imaging resolution at the optical sensor array can be improved by configuring the optical collimators in a way to provide a pinhole camera effect. FIG. 29 shows an example of such a design.

In FIG. 29, a collimator unit 618 of an array of such optical collimators guides the light from the corresponding detection area unit to the photo detector array 621. The aperture of the collimator unit forms a small field of view (FOV) 618 b. If the detector in the photo detector array 621 does not capture the details in each unit FOV, the imaging resolution is decided by the FOV of each collimator unit. To improve the detection resolution, the FOV of each collimator unit needs to be reduced. However, when a gap 618 a is provided between each photo detector in the photo detector array 621 and the corresponding collimator 618, the small aperture of the collimator unit acts as a pinhole. This pinhole camera effect provides a higher imaging resolution in the image of each unit of FOV. When there are multiple detector elements in a unit FOV, such as shown in the insert 621 a, the images details in the unit FOV can be recognized. This means that the detection resolution is improved. In implementations, such a gap can be provided in various ways, including, e.g., adding optical filter films 618 a between the collimators 618 and the optical sensor array 621.

With the help of the pinhole camera effect, the fill factor of the collimator board, may be optimized. For example, to detect an area of 10 mm×10 mm in size, if each unit FOV covers an area of 1 mm×1 mm, a 10×10 collimator array can be used. If in each unit FOV the detector can get 20×20 definition image, the overall detection resolution is 200×200, or 50 micron, or 500 psi. This method can be applied for all types of collimator approaches.

FIG. 30 shows another example for using the pinhole camera effect to improve the optical imaging resolution. In this example, the optical sensor module includes several layers: a spacer 917, a pinhole array 617, a protection material 919, a photo detector array 621, and a circuit board 623. The object optical distance is decided by the total material thickness from sensing surface to the pinhole plane, including the optical thickness of the display module 433 thickness, the spacer 917 thickness, any filter coating thickness, any air gap thickness, and any glue material thickness. The image optical distance is decided by the total material thickness from the pinhole plane to the photo detector array, including the protection material thickness, any filter coating thickness, any air gaps thickness, any glue material thickness. The image magnification is decided by the image optical distance comparing with the object optical distance. The detection mode can be optimized by setting a proper magnification. For example, the magnification may be set to be less than 1, such as, 0.7, or 0.5 etc. In some device designs, the spacer and the pinhole array layer may be combined into a single component. In other designs, the pinhole array and the protection layer may be combined to a single component so as to pre-define the center co-ordinates of each pinhole.

FIG. 31 shows an example of the optical imaging based on the pinhole camera effect. On the object side, the whole detection zone 921 on the OLED display panel is divided into multiple sub-detection zones 923. A pinhole array 920 is provided for imaging the detection zone 921. Each pinhole unit in the pinhole array 920 is responsible for a small field of view (FOV) 925. Each small FOV 925 covers a sub-detection zone 923. As shown in FIG. 31, each small FOV of one pinhole can overlap with small FOVs of its neighboring pinholes. On the image side, each sub-detection zone 923 in the optical sensor array captures an image 933. Also shown in FIG. 31, each small FOV 925 of a pinhole has a corresponding image zone 935. The magnification of this system can be optimized so that the images of each sub-detection zone can be separately distinguished. In other words, the images of the small FOVs do not overlap each other. In this detection mode, the central co-ordinates of each pinhole are pre-defined and the image spot co-ordinates of each OLED display pixel can be pre-calibrated. All the display pixels in the detection zone can be lit on simultaneously because each pixel has only one corresponding image position. Because the image of the pinhole camera is inversed, the signal processing can recover the whole image based on the calibration table.

In the above illustrated examples for optical collimators, the direction of the optical collimators for directing light from a finger on the top of the display screen into the optical sensor array for fingerprint sensing may be either perpendicular to the top touch surface of OLED display screen to collect returned probe light from the finger for fingerprint sensing, a majority of which is in a light direction perpendicular to the top touch surface. In practice, when a touched finger is dry, the image contrast in the detected images in the optical sensor array by sensing such returned probe light that is largely perpendicular to the top touch surface is lower than the same image obtained from returned probe light that is at an angle with respect to the perpendicular direction of the top touch surface. This is in part because optical sensing of angled returned light spatially filters out the strong returned light from the top touch surface that is mostly perpendicular to the top touch surface. In consideration of this aspect of the optical sensing of the returned probe light from the top touch surface, the optical collimators may be oriented so that the axis of each collimator unit may be slanted with respect to the top touch surface as shown in the example in FIG. 22B.

In fabrication, however, it is more complex and costly to fabricate slanted collimators. One way to use perpendicular optical collimators as shown in FIGS. 20 and 21B while still achieving a higher contrast in the optical sensing by selectively detecting angled returned light from the top touch surface is to provide an optical deflection or diffraction device or layer between the perpendicular optical collimators and the returned light from the top touch surface prior to entering the perpendicular optical collimators. This optical deflection or diffraction device or layer can be, in some implementations, between the OLED display panel and the perpendicular optical collimators to select only returned probe light that is at some slanted angle to enter the perpendicular optical collimators for optical detection by the optical detector array on the other end of the perpendicular optical collimators while blocking or reducing the amount of the returned probe light from the top touch surface that is perpendicular to the top touch surface from entering the optical collimators. This optical deflection or diffraction device or layer may be implemented in various forms, including, e.g., an array of prisms, an optical layer with a diffraction pattern, or other devices located between the optical collimators and the display panel to select angled probe light returned from the display panel to enter the optical collimators while reducing an amount of the returned probe light that is perpendicular to the display panel and enters the optical collimators.

FIG. 32 includes FIGS. 32A and 32B and shows an example of an optical fingerprint senor under an OLED display panel having an optical deflection or diffraction device or layer.

As shown in FIG. 32A, each collimator 2001 in the collimator array may be an extended channel along an axis vertical or perpendicular to the display surfaces. A viewing angle adaptor optical layer 2210 is used to adjust the viewing angle of the returned probe light from the display panel and is located between the optical collimators 2001 and the display panel to select angled probe light returned from the display panel to enter the optical collimators 2001 while reducing an amount of the returned probe light that is perpendicular to the display panel and enters the optical collimators 2001.

FIG. 32B shows more detail of the viewing angle adaptor optical layer 3210 and the major probe light paths. For example, the viewing angle adaptor optical layer 3210 may be implemented as a diffraction pattern layer such as a prism structure 3210 a. Only the returned probe light 82 a and 82 b from the finger with proper incident angles out of the display panel can be bent to transmit through the collimator 2001. In comparison, the returned probe light that is perpendicular to the display panel is directed by the viewing angle adaptor optical layer 2210 to be away from the original direction that is perpendicular to the display panel and thus becomes off-axis incident light to the optical collimator 2001. This reduces the amount of the returned probe light that is perpendicular to the display panel and that can enter the optical collimator 2001.

When the viewing angle is adjusted properly, the receiving light from different places 63 a and 63 b of the fingerprint valley carried the fingerprint information. For example, under same illumination, light 82 a may be stronger than light 82 b because of the viewing angel and the fingerprint profiles of the fingertip skin. In other words, the detection can see some level of fingerprint shade. This arrangement improves the detection when the finger is dry.

Portable devices such as mobile phones or other devices or systems based on the optical sensing disclosed in this document can be configured to provide additional operation features.

For example, the OLED display panel can be controlled to provide a local flash mode to illuminate the fingerprint sensing area 613 by operating selected OLED display pixels underneath the sensing area 613. This can be provided in an optical sensor module under the OLED display panel, e.g., FIGS. 4A and 4B based on an optical imaging design or FIGS. 21A and 21B based on optical imaging via an optical collimator array. In the event of acquiring a fingerprint image, the OLED display pixels in the window area 613 can be turned on momentarily to produce high intensity illumination for optical sensing of a fingerprint, and, at the same time, the photo detection sensor array 621 is turned on to capture the fingerprint image in sync with the turning on of the OLED pixels underneath the sensing area 613. The time to turn on these OLED pixels can be relatively short but the emission intensity can be set to be higher than the normal emission for displaying images on the OLED display panel. For this reason, this mode for optical fingerprint sensing is a flash mode that enable the photo detector sensor array 621 to detect a larger amount of light to improve the image sensing performance.

For another example, the optical sensor module can be designed to meet the total internal reflection condition at the top sensing surface of the OLED display panel to achieve a flash wakeup function where a part of the OLED pixels in the viewing zone 613 are turned on to flash while other OLED pixels are tuned off and are in a sleep mode to save power when the device is not in use. In response to the flashing of the OLED pixels in the viewing zone 613, the corresponding photo sensors in the optical sensor array 621 are operated to receive and detect light signals. When a finger touches the sensing zone 613 during this flash wakeup mode, the finger causes returned light to be totally reflected to produce strong returned probe light which is detected at the optical sensor array and the detection of the presence of light can be used to wake up the device in the sleep mode. In addition to using the part of OLED pixels in the viewing zone 613, one or more extra light sources may be provided near the optical sensor module to provide the flash mode illumination at the viewing zone 613 for the flash wakeup function. When a non-finger object touches the viewing zone 613 on the top surface above the OLED display panel, the total internal reflection condition may not occur because other materials rarely have finger skin properties. Therefore, even a non-finger object touches the sensing zone 613, the lack of the total internal reflection at the touch location may cause insufficient returned probe light to reach the optical sensor array to trigger flash wakeup operation.

The optical sensors for sensing optical fingerprints disclosed above can be used to capture high quality images of fingerprints to enable discrimination of small changes in captured fingerprints that are captured at different times. Notably, when a person presses a finger on the device, the contact with the top touch surface over the display screen may subject to changes due to changes in the pressing force. When the finger touches the sensing zone on the cover glass, changes in the touching force may cause several detectable changes at the optical sensor array: (1) fingerprint deforming, (2) a change in the contacting area, (3) fingerprint ridge widening, and (4) a change in the blood flow dynamics at the pressed area. Those changes can be optically captured and can be used to calculate the corresponding changes in the touch force. The touch force sensing adds more functions to the fingerprint sensing.

Referring to FIG. 33, the contact profile area increases with an increase in the press force, meanwhile the ridge-print expands with the increase in the press force. Conversely, the contact profile area decreases with an decrease in the press force, meanwhile the ridge-print contracts or shrinks with the decrease in the press force. FIG. 33 shows two different fingerprint patterns of the same finger under different press forces: the lightly pressed fingerprint 2301 and the heavily pressed fingerprint 3303. The returned probe light from a selected integration zone 3305 of the fingerprint on the touch surface can be captured by a portion of the optical sensors on the optical sensor array that correspond to the selected integration zone 3305 on the touch surface. The detected signals from those optical sensors are analyzed to extract useful information as further explained below.

When a finger touches the sensor surface, the finger tissues absorb the light power thus the receiving power integrated over the photo diode array is reduced. Especially in the case of total inner reflection mode that does not sense the low refractive index materials (water, sweat etc.), the sensor can be used to detect whether a finger touches the sensor or something else touches the sensor accidentally by analyzing the receiving power change trend. Based on this sensing process, the sensor can decide whether a touch is a real fingerprint touch and thus can detect whether to wake up the mobile device based on whether the touch is a real finger press. Because the detection is based on integration power detection, the light source for optical fingerprint sensing at a power saving mode.

In the detailed fingerprint map, when the press force increases, the fingerprint ridges expands, and more light is absorbed at the touch interface by the expanded fingerprint ridges. Therefore within a relatively small observing zone 3305, the integrated received light power change reflects the changes in the press force. Based on this, the press force can be detected.

Accordingly, by analyzing the integrated received probe light power change within a small zone, it is possible to monitor time-domain evolution of the fingerprint ridge pattern deformation. This information on the time-domain evolution of the fingerprint ridge pattern deformation can then be used to determine the time-domain evolution of the press force on the finger. In applications, the time-domain evolution of the press force by the finger of a person can be used to determine the dynamics of the user's interaction by the touch of the finger, including determining whether a person is pressing down on the touch surface or removing a pressed finger away from the touch surface. Those user interaction dynamics can be used to trigger certain operations of the mobile device or operations of certain apps on the mobile device. For example, the time-domain evolution of the press force by the finger of a person can be used to determine whether a touch by a person is an intended touch to operate the mobile device or an unintended touch by accident and, based on such determination, the mobile device control system can determine whether or not to wake up the mobile device in a sleep mode.

In addition, under different press forces, a finger of a living person in contact with the touch surface can exhibit different characteristics in the optical extinction ratio obtained at two different probe light wavelengths as explained with respect FIGS. 14A and 14B. Referring back to FIG. 33, the lightly pressed fingerprint 3301 may not significantly restrict the flow of the blood into the pressed portion of the finger and thus produces an optical extinction ratio obtained at two different probe light wavelengths that indicates a living person tissue. When the person presses the finger hard to produce the heavily pressed fingerprint 3303, the blood flow to the pressed finger portion may be severely reduced and, accordingly, the corresponding optical extinction ratio obtained at two different probe light wavelengths would be different from that of the lightly pressed fingerprint 3301. Therefore, the optical extinction ratios obtained at two different probe light wavelengths vary under different press forces and different blood flow conditions. Such variation is different from the optical extinction ratios obtained at two different probe light wavelengths from pressing with different forces of a fake fingerprint pattern of a man-made material.

Therefore, the optical extinction ratios obtained at two different probe light wavelengths can also be used to determine whether a touch is by a user's finger or something else. This determination can also be used to determine whether to wake up the mobile device in a sleep mode.

For yet another example, the disclosed optical sensor technology can be used to monitor the natural motions that a live person's finger tends to behave due to the person's natural movement or motion (either intended or unintended) or pulsing when the blood flows through the person's body in connection with the heartbeat. The wake-up operation or user authentication can be based on the combination of the both the optical sensing of the fingerprint pattern and the positive determination of the presence of a live person to enhance the access control. For yet another example, the optical sensor module may include a sensing function for measuring a glucose level or a degree of oxygen saturation based on optical sensing in the returned light from a finger or palm. As yet another example, as a person touches the display screen, a change in the touching force can be reflected in one or more ways, including fingerprint pattern deforming, a change in the contacting area between the finger and the screen surface, fingerprint ridge widening, or a blood flow dynamics change. Those and other changes can be measured by optical sensing based on the disclosed optical sensor technology and can be used to calculate the touch force. This touch force sensing can be used to add more functions to the optical sensor module beyond the fingerprint sensing.

While this patent document contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described in this patent document should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments.

Only a few implementations and examples are described and other implementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this patent document. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing, comprising: a display panel that includes light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the display panel as an interface for being touched by a user and for transmitting the light from the display panel to display images; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint, the optical sensor module including an optical sensor array of optical detectors and an array of optical collimators located between the display panel and the optical sensor array to collect the returned light from the display panel and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light to the optical sensor array, wherein the array of optical collimators is spaced from the optical sensor array to effectuate a pinhole camera effect that enhances an optical imaging resolution of the optical sensor array.
 2. The device as in claim 1, wherein: the array of optical collimators and spacing between the array of optical collimators and the optical sensor array are structured to cause images of a field of view of the optical collimators at the optical sensor array to be spatially separated.
 3. The device as in claim 1, wherein: the optical sensor module includes one or more optical filters in an optical path to the optical sensor module to reduce light at wavelengths different from the light emitted by the light emitting display pixels.
 4. The device as in claim 3, wherein the one or more optical filters are designed to filter out IR light.
 5. The device as in claim 1, wherein: the optical sensor module includes an optically absorbing material between the optical collimators in the array of optical collimators to absorb light that are not collected by the optical collimators.
 6. The device as in claim 1, wherein: the array of optical collimators includes a substrate having an array of through holes formed in the substrate as the optical collimators.
 7. The device as in claim 1, wherein: the array of optical collimators includes an array of optical waveguides or optical fibers.
 8. The device as in claim 1, wherein: the array of optical collimators includes a micro lens array of micro lenses and each micro lens focus received light without imaging the received light.
 9. The device as in claim 1, wherein: each optical collimator in the array of optical collimators is structured to transmit light in directions along or close an axis of the optical collimator while blocking light in other directions and to have a small transmission numerical aperture to achieve a high spatial resolution by the array of optical collimators.
 10. The device as in claim 1, wherein the optical sensor module further includes an optical layer between the optical collimators and the display panel to select angled probe light returned from the display panel to enter the optical collimators while reducing an amount of the returned probe light that is perpendicular to the display panel and enters the optical collimators.
 11. The device as in claim 10, wherein the optical layer includes an optical diffraction pattern that diffracts the returned probe light to direct the angled probe light returned from the display panel to enter the optical collimators.
 12. The device as in claim 10, wherein the optical collimators are elongated channels in a direction perpendicular to the display panel and the optical layer between the optical collimators and the display is structured to direct the angled probe light from the display panel to be substantially perpendicular to the display panel to enter the optical collimators while directing a portion of the probe light from the display panel that is perpendicular to the display panel to be away from the direction of the optical collimators.
 13. The device as in claim 1, wherein the optical sensor module is structured to measure returned probe light at two or more different wavelengths emitted by light emitting display pixels in the display panel to compare an extinction ratios of the probe light at the two or more different wavelengths as the second signal indicative of whether the received contact is from a live person.
 14. The device as in claim 1, wherein the optical sensor module captures different fingerprint patterns at different times to monitor time-domain evolution of the fingerprint ridge pattern deformation that indicates time-domain evolution of a press force from the contact input.
 15. The device as in claim 1, wherein the display panel operates in a flash mode to cause a portion of the light emitting display pixels in the display panel to flash at a light emission level higher than a light emission level in displaying images to detect a presence of a finger and to obtain a fingerprint of the finger.
 16. An electronic device capable of detecting a fingerprint by optical sensing, comprising: a display panel that includes light emitting display pixels, each pixel operable to emit light for forming a portion of a display image; a top transparent layer formed over the display panel as an interface for being touched by a user and for transmitting the light from the display panel to display images; and an optical sensor module located below the display panel to receive light that is emitted by at least a portion of the light emitting display pixels and is returned from the top transparent layer to detect a fingerprint, the optical sensor module including an optical sensor array of optical detectors, an array of optical collimators located between the display panel and the optical sensor array to collect the returned light from the display panel and to separate light from different locations in the top transparent layer while directing the collected returned light to the optical sensor array, and an optical layer between the optical collimators and the display panel to select angled probe light returned from the display panel to enter the optical collimators while reducing an amount of the returned probe light that is perpendicular to the display panel and enters the optical collimators.
 17. The device as in claim 16, wherein the optical layer includes an optical diffraction pattern that diffracts the returned probe light to direct the angled probe light returned from the display panel to enter the optical collimators.
 18. The device as in claim 16, wherein the optical collimators are elongated channels in a direction perpendicular to the display panel and the optical layer between the optical collimators and the display is structured to direct the angled probe light from the display panel to be substantially perpendicular to the display panel to enter the optical collimators while directing a portion of the probe light from the display panel that is perpendicular to the display panel to be away from the direction of the optical collimators.
 19. The device as in claim 16, further comprising: a device electronic control module coupled to the display panel structure to supply power to the light emitting display pixels and to turn off power to the light emitting display pixels in a sleep mode, and wherein the device electronic control module is configured to wake up the display panel structure from the sleep mode when the optical sensor module detects the presence of a person's skin.
 20. The device as in claim 16, wherein: the array of optical collimators includes a substrate having an array of through holes formed in the substrate as the optical collimators.
 21. The device as in claim 16, wherein: the array of optical collimators includes an array of optical waveguides or optical fibers.
 22. The device as in claim 16, wherein: the array of optical collimators includes a micro lens array of micro lenses and each micro lens focus received light without imaging the received light.
 23. The device as in claim 16, wherein: the optical sensor module is configured to, in addition to detecting fingerprints, also detect a biometric parameter different form a fingerprint by optical sensing to indicate whether a touch at the top transparent layer associated with a detected fingerprint is from a live person; and the device further includes a device electronic control module configured to grant a user's access to the device if both (1) a detected fingerprint matches a fingerprint an authorized user and (2) the detected biometric parameter indicates the detected fingerprint is from a live person. 